Name: reading geologic maps in 3d
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:43:49.000Z
Duration: 8 min 55 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.2.1

Making a Geologic Cross Section

<ol>
	<li>确定定义横截面轮廓的两个点， 例如 A-A'。选择这些点时，应使两点之间的连线大致垂直于其间岩层单元的走向方向。</li>
	<li>在两点 A-A' 之间绘制一条地形剖面。生成地形剖面的方法在另一个视频中提供。</li>
	<li>取一条纸带，沿该线对齐，仔细标记不同岩层单元之间的接触位置。</li>
	<li>将触点转移至地形剖面图上。</li>
	<li>在每个接触面上，利用相邻岩层的倾角将该界面向地下投影。只要地形剖面图没有垂直放大，就可以直接使用图中所示的倾角数据。例如，若石灰岩/砂岩界面（接触面）的倾角为20°，则可在地下以20°的角度绘制该接触面的延伸线。</li>
	<li>利用该投影和当地地质知识推断地下存在的褶皱或断层。例如，岩层向远离中心轴的方向倾斜（再次类比于尖顶屋顶上的瓦片）可能表明存在背斜或背形构造。此外，若沿中心轴的岩层比距离轴线较远的岩层更古老，则进一步证实为背斜构造。</li>
	<li>使用虚线将岩层延伸至地表以上区域；这表示推断出的岩石在侵蚀发生前的存在情况。 
	如原理部分所述，地表上方的虚线实际上代表曾经存在但已被侵蚀作用移除的地质构造。</li>
</ol>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
地质剖面图可用于评估岩石随时间形成的时序模型。
利用地质图可以生成地质剖面图，以预测地下岩层的分布，并估算岩石在遭受侵蚀前的地表形态。
所得到的地质剖面图是一种剖切示意图，类似于在峡谷崖壁或道路切坡中所见的露头景象。尽管地质学家可能能够从平面地质图中推断出此类特征，但添加剖面图可提供三维信息，显著增强对褶皱和断层的识别与分析能力。
本视频将演示绘制地质剖面图的过程，并重点介绍这一地质工具的广泛应用。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_1" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
绘制地质图的第一步是选取一幅地形图，并在图上对含有不同岩石类型的区域进行颜色编码。在野外，地质学家通过观察矿物学和结构构造特征，识别出不同的岩石类型和岩石单元。各个岩石单元之间的分界线称为接触界线。在每种岩石类型内部，将添加走向和倾向数据，以表示岩层露头的产状方向。
这些走向和倾向数据可指示出褶皱型变形，例如形成向上拱起的岩层（类似于倒置的碗），这类构造称为背斜。而岩层向下弯曲的褶皱则称为向斜。相比之下，断层是由脆性变形引起的，岩石沿一个明显的破裂面发生断裂而非弯曲。这个破裂面就是&#34;断层面&#34;。
综合岩石类型、位置和产状等信息，可用于绘制地质剖面图。第一步是绘制地形剖面，显示目标区域的高程和等高线形态。然后将地质数据叠加到该剖面上。由此得到的剖面图可用于推断地下构造。例如，岩层向远离中心轴的方向倾斜，表明为背斜构造；而岩层向中心轴方向倾斜则指示向斜构造。
此外，地质剖面还可用于恢复那些由于地表侵蚀作用而变得隐蔽的褶皱和断层。这一过程通过将现有的地表及地下数据向上外推至现有平面以上来实现。
现在我们已经了解了地质剖面图构建的基本原理，接下来让我们通过一个实例地图来具体观察其绘制过程。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_2" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
要绘制地质剖面图，首先获取目标调查区域的地质图。选择两个点以确定感兴趣的剖面线，将这两个点标记为 A 和 A'。应使两点之间的连线大致垂直于中间岩层的走向。连接这两点，并根据与该连线相交的等高线绘制地形剖面图，且不进行垂直放大。接下来，取一条纸条沿 A-A' 线对齐，仔细标记不同岩层之间的接触界线。
在每个接触界线处，利用相邻岩层的倾角信息将边界投影到地下。注意，在向地下投影时，我们采用整个褶皱范围内的平均倾角，以保持投影中地层厚度不变。
使用量角器根据原始地图测量倾角，并将岩层以直线形式延伸至地表以下。将此信息在每个接触点处进行投影，即可获得地表下岩层的大致预测剖面视图。接着，观察岩层投影中的模式，寻找可能指示相同类型岩层褶皱的特征。若这些预测的岩层线似乎相交，则表明同一基底发生了褶皱，应根据地表给出的倾角大小，将其以平滑的曲线连接起来进行投影。
最后，将岩层延伸至地表以上区域，以显示侵蚀作用发生前推断存在的岩石及地质构造。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_3" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
本演示所使用的地图显示了美国地质调查局（USGS）科罗拉多州梅森维尔（MASONVILLE, COLORADO）7.5 分钟地质图的一部分。岩层及其接触关系已被转绘至地质剖面图上，并向地下和地表进行了投影。以其中一个地层单位——达科他群（标记为 KD，绿色高亮）为例，可见其岩层在一侧向东倾斜，而在另一侧向西倾斜，该构造被称为背斜。总体而言，这些投影表明存在背斜-向斜组合构造，背斜的轴顶已在原始地图上用一条虚线标出，而向斜的槽部（读作 &#34;trof&#34;）则在西侧由另一条虚线表示。这种组合形成了一组向下弯曲的岩层构造和一组向上拱起的岩层构造，是由过去岩石地层受到挤压应力作用而形成的。达科他群遵循这一背斜-向斜构造模式，是一个重要的地层单位，代表一种砂岩，可能含有水或石油，具有开采价值。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_4" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
地质剖面图是多种地质调查中常用的有效工具。以下将探讨其中部分应用。
通过分析随时间变化的沉积、侵入、变形或侵蚀序列，不仅可以了解岩石的空间特征，还能揭示其时间维度上的演化过程。利用这些信息，还可以模拟并预测地球结构未来的演变，例如较软物质的侵蚀可能导致较硬岩石暴露于地表。
大多数具有重要经济价值的矿床——包括金、银、铜和钼——均与火成岩相关。若在地质调查过程中发现此类岩石出露于地表，并能够确定其地表接触关系，则可利用地质剖面图推断地下可能存在的矿体位置。
地质剖面图对于评估地下流体运移至关重要。通过明确促进流体流动的地层（即含水层）与阻碍流体流动的地层（即隔水层）的空间展布，地质学家能够预测地下水的流动方向，并可能据此确定适宜的钻井区域。通常情况下，孔隙空间较大的岩石类型（如砂岩）可作为含水层，而结构致密、孔隙空间较小的岩石（如板岩）则起隔水层作用。尤为重要的是，这些信息还可用于分析地下水中污染物的迁移路径，并制定相应的应对与治理策略。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_5" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于地质剖面图的简介。您现在应该理解如何根据地质图绘制地质剖面图，以及这些地质剖面图的用途和应用。
感谢观看！
</div>

剖面图提供了一种分析和评估岩层地下产状的方法。地质学家利用切割关系和叠加顺序等地层相对年代学原理，来确定沉积和变形事件发生的时间。例如，当一个岩层位于另一岩层之上时，可以推断上部岩层的形成年代通常比下伏岩层更晚。此外，如果一条断层切过某一特定岩层，则该断层的形成时间通常晚于其所错断的岩层。
一些具体应用包括确定地质历史、地下水流动分析、矿产资源分布以及油气储层研究。相对年代测定技术可用于评估一系列地质事件的顺序，包括沉积、侵入以及变形（褶皱和断层）。地质学家不仅致力于从三维空间角度理解地球，还注重时间维度的背景，即通过时间重建地球地质变化的过程。
横截面是评估地下流体流动的关键。理解促进流动的地层（含水层）与阻碍流动的地层（隔水层）之间的相对产状，是分析地下水运移规律的核心。这也为确定最佳钻井位置提供了应用依据，同时可用于分析水溶性污染物的迁移路径及可能的治理策略。通常情况下，具有较大孔隙空间的岩石类型（例如 砂岩或高度破裂的火成岩/变质岩可能成为含水层。相反，孔隙空间有限（或孔隙之间缺乏连通性）的岩石类型更...

制作地质剖面图

来源：<a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Alan_Lester">Alan Lester</a> 实验室 - 科罗拉多大学博尔德分校
地质图最早于18世纪中后期在欧洲绘制并投入使用。th 世纪以来，地质图一直是全球地质研究的重要组成部分，致力于揭示地球表面及地下岩石的分布规律，以及它们随时间发生的变化。现代地质图是以二维平面形式展现岩石及其构造的富含数据的图示。大多数地质图的基础是地形图，在其上用不同的颜色表示特定的岩石单元。岩石单元之间的边界称为接触界线。除了接触线外，地质图还包含多种符号，用于表示关键地质特征，如岩石单元的倾向与走向、背斜与向斜构造，以及断层面的迹线。
尽管二维地图视图很有用，但地质学家的关键任务之一是推断地下岩石的类型和产状。这需要利用地质学规律，从地表向下进行推断和投影来实现。其结果是得到一幅地质剖面图，这种视图本质上提供了一幅剖切后的图像，类似于在峡谷崖壁或公路开挖断面上所看到的景象。
这种假设的地壳切面提供了第三维度（深度），是众多地质学应用的关键。剖面图用于评估岩石形成随时间变化的时间模型。换句话说，其目标是重建岩石和地质结构出现的先后顺序，即哪些先形成、哪些最后形成，以及中间的过程。剖面图还用于确定特定的变形方式——判断岩石是否经历了挤压、伸展或其他类型的应力作用。
地质剖面图有助于识别地下水流动区域，评估经济矿产资源的潜在矿床位置，并确定油气储层的位置。

本演示使用了美国科罗拉多州卡特湖 USGS 7.5 分钟四边形地图的一部分。该标注表示，地图上的东西和南北边界由 7.5 分钟经度和 7.5 分钟纬度所界定。在剖面线 A-A' 的东侧，岩层向西倾斜；相反，在西侧，岩层向东倾斜。可以推断，这些岩层在地下相会，形成碗状的褶皱构造，称为向斜。最终，所有褶皱（无论是向下弯曲的向斜，还是向上拱起的背斜）都是挤压型变形的产物。当岩石受到挤压时，会表现出塑性变形特征（即褶皱），尤其是在地壳上部变形相对快速、围压较高且温度升高的条件下。相反，在应力快速施加、围压较低且温度较低的情况下，则更可能产生脆性变形，即断层作用。

来源：科罗拉多大学博尔德分校 Alan Lester 实验室  
地质图最早于18世纪中后期在欧洲绘制并使用。

地质剖面图可以通过时间评估岩石形成的时序模型。利用地质图可以生成剖面图，以预测岩石地下地层的分布，并估算岩石在遭受侵蚀之前的地表形态。所得到的剖面图是一种剖切图像，类似于在峡谷崖壁或道路断面中所见的景象。尽管地质学家可能能够从平面地质图推断出此类特征，但添加剖面图可提供三维信息，从而显著增强对褶皱和断层的评估能力。本视频将演示创建地质剖面图的过程，并重点介绍这种地质工具的一些广泛应用。创建地质图的第一步是取一幅地形图，并在图上对包含不同岩石类型的区域进行颜色编码。在野外，地质学家观察矿物学和结构特征，进而用于识别不同的岩石类型和岩石单元。各岩石单元之间的分界线称为接触界线。在每种岩石类型内部，将添加走向和倾向数据，以表示岩层露头的产状方向。这些走向和倾向数据表明了褶皱型变形，可形成向上拱起的地层，类似于倒置的碗，这种构造被称为背斜。而涉及向下弯曲地层的褶皱则称为向斜。相比之下，断层是脆性变形的结果，岩石沿一个明显的破裂面发生破裂而非弯曲。这一破裂面即为“断层面”。综合岩石类型、位置和产状，可用于绘制地质剖面图。第一步是绘制地形剖面图，以显示目标区域的高程和等高线。然后将地质数据添加到该剖面图上。现在，该剖面图可用于推断地下结构。例如，岩层向远离中心轴的方向倾斜表明存在背斜构造，而岩层向中心轴方向倾斜则表明存在向斜构造。此外，地质剖面图可用于重建由于地表侵蚀作用而难以识别的褶皱和断层。这一过程通过将现有的地表和地下数据向上 extrapolate 至现有平面以上来实现。现在我们已经熟悉了地质剖面图构建背后的原理，接下来让我们通过一个示例地图来了解其具体操作方法。要绘制一幅地质剖面图，首先取一张目标测区的地质图。选择两个点以确定感兴趣的剖面线，并将这两个点标记为 A 和 A'。应选择这两个点，使得连接它们的直线大致垂直于中间岩层的走向方向。连接这两个点，并根据与该直线相交的等高线绘制一幅无垂直放大比例的地形剖面图。接着，取一条纸带，将其沿 A-A' 线对齐，并仔细标记不同岩层单元之间的接触界线。在每个接触面上，利用相邻地层的倾斜数据将边界投影到地下。注意，在向地下投影时，我们采用褶皱范围内平均的倾斜角度。这可以保证在投影过程中地层厚度保持不变。使用量角器，根据原始地图测量倾斜角，并将岩层以直线形式向地表下方延伸。将此信息投影到每个接触点，可得到地表下方岩层的大致预测剖面图。接下来，观察岩层投影中的模式，以识别相同类型岩层可能存在的褶皱。如果这些预测的岩层线似乎相交，则表明相同基底发生了褶皱，应根据地表给出的倾角大小，将其以平滑的投影线连接起来。最后，将岩层延伸至地表以上区域。这表明在侵蚀作用发生之前，存在推断出的岩石及地质构造。本演示所使用的地图显示了美国地质调查局（USGS）科罗拉多州梅森维尔（MASONVILLE, COLORADO）7.5 分幅地质图的一部分。岩层及其接触关系已被转绘至地质剖面图上，并向地下和地表进行了投影。以标记为 KD 并以绿色高亮的达科他组（Dakota group）为例，我们可观察到该岩层在被称为背斜构造的一侧向东倾斜，而在另一侧则向西倾斜。总体而言，这些投影表明存在背斜-向斜组合构造，原始地图上以虚线标示出背斜的脊线，而向斜的槽线（“trof”）则由另一条虚线在西边标出。这种构造组合导致岩层形成向上拱起和向下弯曲的形态，是过去岩层受到挤压应力作用的结果。达科他组遵循这一背斜-向斜模式，是一个具有重要意义的地层单元，代表一种砂岩，可能含有地下水或石油，具有开采价值。地质剖面图是多种地质研究中有用的工具。本文将探讨其中一些应用。分析随时间变化的沉积、侵入、变形或侵蚀序列，不仅可以揭示岩石的空间特征，还能揭示其时间维度。利用这些信息，还可以模拟并预测地球结构未来的演变，例如较软物质的侵蚀将导致较坚硬岩石暴露出来。大多数具有重要经济价值的矿床，包括金、银、铜和钼，均与火成岩有关。在地质调查过程中，若地表发现此类岩石且能够确定其地表接触关系，则可通过地质剖面图推断地下可能存在的矿体位置。地质剖面图对于评估地下流体流动至关重要。了解促进流体流动的地层（即含水层）与阻碍流体流动的地层（即隔水层）的相对产状，有助于地质学家预测地下水的运移路径，并可能确定适宜钻井的区域。一般来说，具有较大孔隙空间的岩石类型（如砂岩）通常为含水层，而结构致密、孔隙空间较小的岩石类型（如板岩）则通常作为隔水层。尤为重要的是，此类信息还可用于分析水溶性污染物的迁移行为，并在类似事件中制定可能的缓解策略。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于地质剖面的简介视频。现在，您应该理解如何根据地质图绘制地质剖面图，以及这些地质剖面图的用途和应用。感谢观看！

Education

教育

JoVE Science Education

Environmental Sciences

环境科学

Earth Science

地球科学

制作一个地质剖面

reading geologic maps in 3d

Geologic maps show rock units at Earth’s surface and help geologists infer what lies below it. They began in Europe in the mid-to-late 18th century and have since become a key tool for studying rock distribution, subsurface structure, and changes through time. A modern geologic map is a data-rich, two-dimensional plan view built on a topographic map.

On these maps, color variations mark specific rock units. The lines where one unit meets another are called contacts. Geologic maps also use symbols for features such as dip and strike, anticlines and synclines, and traces of fault surfaces. Dip and strike describe the tilt and direction of a rock layer.

A geologist’s job is not limited to the surface view. They use geologic rules, inferences, and downward projections from the map to estimate the type and orientation of rocks in the subsurface. This process turns a flat map into a geologic cross section, which is a cutaway view similar to what you might see on a canyon wall or roadcut.

That slice through the Earth adds depth to the map and helps geologists build a timeline of rock formation. The goal is to show which rocks and structures came first, which came last, and what happened in between. Cross sections are also used to study deformation, including compressional, extensional, and other stresses, and they can help identify groundwater movement, potential mineral deposits, and oil and gas reservoirs.

Reading Geologic Maps in 3D

determining spatial orientation of rock layers with the brunton compass

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Measuring Rock Layer Strike and Dip

The Brunton compass is used to measure the spatial orientation of rock layers and other rock features. Many rock units show planar surfaces or linear features. These include bedding surfaces, fault surfaces, fracture surfaces, joint surfaces, foliation, and mineral alignment. These measurements give geologists the raw data they need to study how rock units formed and how they changed over time. The directions are recorded as strike and dip. Strike is the direction of a flat surface, and dip...

using topographic maps to generate topographic profiles

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Reading Contour Lines on Topographic Maps

Topographic maps show Earth’s surface in a plan view, which means an overhead view. They give a clear look at land shape from above. These maps are a standard way to represent three-dimensional terrain on a flat page. Contour lines are the key feature of a topographic map. Each line connects places with the same elevation, or height above sea level. The spacing between contour lines is called the elevation interval, and it depends on how much detail the map shows and on the land itself. <br...

making a geologic cross section

Geologic maps show rock units at Earth’s surface and help geologists infer what lies below it. They began in Europe in the mid-to-late 18th century and have since become a key tool for studying rock distribution, subsurface structure, and changes through time. A modern geologic map is a data-rich, two-dimensional plan view built on a topographic map. On these maps, color variations mark specific rock units. The lines where one unit meets another are called contacts. Geologic maps also use...

physical properties of minerals i: crystals and cleavage

physical-properties-of-minerals-i-crystals-and-cleavage

Mineral Crystal Shapes and Cleavage

Mineral crystal shapes and cleavage reveal how a mineral is built at the atomic level. These physical properties are measurable and visible traits that help identify minerals. They include color, streak, magnetic properties, hardness, crystal growth form, and crystal cleavage. Each of these properties is specific to a mineral. They are tied to the mineral’s chemical make-up and atomic structure. Crystal growth form and crystal cleavage both come mainly from the repeated pattern of basic atomic...

physical properties of minerals ii: polymineralic analysis

physical-properties-of-minerals-ii-polymineralic-analysis

Mineral Clues for Rock Identification

Mineral color, streak, luster, hardness, magnetism, and acid reaction help identify minerals and rocks. These physical properties can be seen or measured in hand samples and in the field. They are tied to a mineral’s chemical makeup and, to a lesser extent, its atomic structure. The video also explains why these clues work for rocks as well as minerals. Rocks are made of mineral grains, and most rocks contain more than one mineral type, which means they are polymineralic. Some rocks are...

igneous volcanic rock

How Volcanic Rock Forms From Lava

Volcanic rock forms when magma reaches Earth’s surface and cools. It is a type of igneous rock, which means it comes from cooling and crystallization of molten material. When magma is on the surface, it is called lava. Magma is molten rock that is usually between about 800 °C and 1,200 °C. It forms inside Earth through three main melting processes. These are the addition of heat, the addition of volatiles, and decompression. Each way of making magma can produce a different kind of magma. That...

igneous intrusive rock

Magma Cooling and Igneous Rock

Igneous rocks form when hot liquid rock, called magma, cools and crystallizes. Magma temperatures typically range from about 800 °C to 1,200 °C. These rocks record the freezing of molten material inside Earth.

an overview of bgdgt biomarker analysis for paleoclimatology

an-overview-of-bgdgt-biomarker-analysis-for-paleoclimatology

Sediment Biomarkers for Past Climate Records

Sediment biomarkers can record past climate conditions, and branched GDGTs are one example used to study temperature in freshwater basins. These organic compounds are extracted from natural samples, purified, and then measured to help reconstruct environments from the past. In paleoclimatology, scientists use these records to better understand climate change over time. Sediments build up over geologic time in sedimentary basins, which are low areas in the Earth’s crust where material is...

an overview of alkenone biomarker analysis for paleothermometry

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

Sea Surface Temperature from Alkenone Ratios

Sea surface temperature can be reconstructed from alkenone ratios preserved in marine sediment. Alkenones are long-chain, unsaturated alkyl ketones made by some haptophyte algae, especially coccolithophores such as Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica in the open ocean. The most widely used proxy is the U K'37 index, which compares the C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones. Because the ratio changes with growth temperature, it can be used to estimate past sea surface temperature. The U K'37 proxy...

sonication extraction of lipid biomarkers from sediment

sonication-extraction-of-lipid-biomarkers-from-sediment

How Organic Carbon Becomes Biomarkers

Organic material and inorganic material are chemically different. In an ecosystem, living material includes leaves, fungi, bark, and tissue. Non-living material includes rocks, their minerals, oxygen, water, and metals. Organic matter contains carbon linked to other carbon and hydrogen molecules, which sets it apart from inorganic matter. Carbon is especially flexible in the kinds of bonds it can form. Its valence range from -4 to +4 lets it make up to four separate covalent bonds with nearby...

soxhlet extraction of lipid biomarkers from sediment

soxhlet-extraction-of-lipid-biomarkers-from-sediment

Large-Volume Sediment Extraction for Standards

Large-volume sediment extraction is used to isolate compounds for chemical standards. These standards help labs track the performance, accuracy, and precision of instruments over time. That way, a measurement made today can be compared with one made a year later. Because standards must be checked over long periods, labs often need large amounts of material. Many chemical standards can be bought from companies such as Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher. But some natural compounds needed for paleoclimatic...

extraction of biomarkers from sediments - accelerated solvent extraction

extraction-of-biomarkers-from-sediments-accelerated-solvent-extraction

Sediment biomarkers can help scientists reconstruct past air and water temperatures. In this method, a group of organic biomarkers called glycerol-dialkyl glycerol-tetraethers, or GDGTs, is studied in modern sediments and in older sediment layers of known age. GDGTs are produced by a suite of archaea and bacteria. Their distribution changes in a predictable way in response to temperature. That pattern lets researchers use sediment records to track how climate changed over time. These...

conversion of fatty acid methyl esters by saponification for uk'37 paleothermometry

conversion-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-saponification-for-uk-37

Saponification for Cleaner GC-FID Analysis

Saponification helps clean up complex lipid samples before gas chromatography analysis. A total lipid extract, or TLE, from an organic solvent extraction can contain hundreds or even thousands of compounds. Researchers may only need a few target compounds. They may also need to remove unwanted material that gets in the way or co-elutes, meaning it comes off the gas chromatograph at the same time as another compound. This sample cleanup supports measurement on a gas chromatograph coupled to a...

purification of a total lipid extract with column chromatography

purification-of-a-total-lipid-extract-with-column-chromatography

Separating Lipid Classes by Column Chromatography

Column chromatography is used to separate lipid classes in a total lipid extract. A total lipid extract, or TLE, is often a complex mixture made up of hundreds or even thousands of compounds. Researchers may only need a few target compounds, so they remove the compounds they are not studying. Those target compounds can belong to different classes, including alkanes, ketones, alcohols, and acids. In some studies, a sample may contain many compounds, but only a small set matters for analysis.

removal of branched and cyclic compounds by urea adduction for uk'37 paleothermometry

removal-branched-cyclic-compounds-urea-adduction-for-uk-37

Urea Adduction Separates Lipid Shapes

Urea adduction separates straight-chain lipids from branched and cyclic compounds in a total lipid extract. Researchers use this step when they want only a small set of target molecules from a sample that may contain hundreds or even thousands of compounds. For paleothermometry, the target compounds are the alkenones used in U k'37 and the isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, or GDGTs, used in MBT/CBT. Together, these organic paleothermometers depend on only six compounds: two...

earth science

该系列专题包括地质学、地球化学等。各种示范, 包括矿物的物理化学性质和岩石形成的分析。

Explore how geologic maps use colors, contacts, and symbols to build cross sections that reveal subsurface rocks, stress history, groundwater, and resources.

Reading Geologic Maps in 3D | JoVE K12

ESS.EES.2.2

ESS.EES.2.3

ESS.EES.2.4

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.I

History of Earth

3.3.9-12.F

3.3.9-12.J

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth’s Place In The Universe

HS-ESS1-5

HS-ESS1-6

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-3

Environmental Science

HS-ESS2-5

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

igneous-metamorphic-and-sedimentary-rocks

Igneous, Metamorphic And Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous

Metamorphic

Sedimentary

Ocean

Earth's History

The geologic rock record

Plate Tectonics

Internal Earth

Structure of Earth

Historical review

Plate motion

Earth's Resources

Energy resources

Soil and sediment

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

ES.4

ES.4.b

ES.5

ES.5.a

ES.5.b

ES.5.d

ES.7

ES.7.a

ES.7.b

ES.7.c

ES.10

ES.10.d

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.6.

112.49.c.6.A.

112.49.c.7.

112.49.c.7.B.

112.49.c.8.

112.49.c.8.E.

112.49.c.8.F.

112.49.c.9.

112.49.c.9.A.

112.49.c.9.C.

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.ESS.2.4.c

9-12.ESS.2.5.a

9-12.ESS.2.5.d

9-12.ESS.2.6

9-12.ESS.2.6.a

9-12.ESS.2.6.b

9-12.ESS.2.6.c

Next Generation Science Standards

Earth’s Place in the Universe

HS-ESS2-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.6

SC.912.E.6.1

SC.912.E.6.2

SC.912.E.6.4

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Geology

Plate Tectonics and Geologic Hazards

SG4.c

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Earth and Space Sciences

HS-ESS1-5.

HS-ESS1-6.

HS-ESS2-1.

HS. ESS2-3.

Human Sustainability

HS-ESS3-6.

Oceanography

SO2.

SO2.2

Alan Lester

University of Colorado Boulder

Overview

Principles of Creating Geologic Cross Sections

Representative Results

Applications

Summary

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Reading Geologic Maps in 3D

Description

Transcript

More videos by Standards