Name: ac to dc conversion with rectifiers
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:49:05.000Z
Duration: 11 min 15 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

High School

Physics

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

P-PS2-6.

Single Phase Rectifiers

注意：实验过程中，电路通电时切勿触碰任何部分。当函数发生器作为信号源时，交流电源仅在图1和图2所示位置接地。切勿将可变交流变压器（VARIAC）接地。
1. 交流电源设置
本实验使用两个交流电源：一个低频为60 Hz的可变变压器（VARIAC），以及一个输出峰值电压为10 V、频率为1 kHz的正弦信号函数发生器。
<ol>
	<li>开始之前，将差分探头连接到示波器的一个通道，将普通探头连接到另一个通道。</li>
	<li>将探头上的按钮设置如下：差分探头设为 20X（或 1/20），普通探头设为 10X。切记打开差分探头的电源。</li>
	<li>在示波器的每个通道菜单中，将探头设置为 10X。对于差分探头，需手动将所有测量值或结果乘以 2，以达到所需的 20X 倍率。</li>
	<li>设置函数发生器时，确保其 50 Ω OUTPUT 已连接至 BNC-鳄鱼夹电缆。
	<ol>
		<li>将鳄鱼夹连接至普通示波器探头，以观察函数发生器的输出。</li>
		<li>将输出设为峰值 10 V、频率 1 kHz、直流偏移为零的正弦波。</li>
		<li>观察函数发生器的输出，并调节其设置以获得所需的输出波形。</li>
		<li>信号设定完成后，断开 BNC 连接器，但保持函数发生器开启以保留其设置。同时断开示波器探头与发生器输出端的连接。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>设置自耦变压器（VARIAC）时，确保其输出端（外观类似普通插座）未连接任何电缆。
	<ol>
		<li>保持自耦变压器关闭，并确保其旋钮处于零位。</li>
		<li>缓慢调节自耦变压器旋钮至 5% 输出，此时应产生约 10 V 峰值电压。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
半波整流器
2. 高频输入下的电阻负载
<ol>
	<li>使用函数发生器作为交流电源，但暂时不要将其连接到电路中。</li>
	<li>在面包板上搭建图1所示的电路。二极管（D）型号为2A01G-T，额定电压为50 V，额定电流为2 A；负载电阻（R）为51 Ω。
	<ol>
		<li>确保二极管的极性正确，二极管上的标记线一端为阴极。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>在将差分探头连接到电路之前，先将探头的两个端子短接，并调节屏幕上显示的波形，使其偏移电压为零。
	<ol>
		<li>将差分电压探头连接在负载电阻两端，以观测输出电压 Vout。</li>
		<li>使用普通探头连接在交流输入端，以观测输入电压 Vin。</li>
		<li>将函数发生器连接到电路。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>调节示波器的时间基准，使屏幕上显示最多四个输入电压 Vin 基波周期的 Vin 和 Vout 波形，并保存波形图像。
	<ol>
		<li>放大二极管关断区域的波形，并保存该区域的波形图像。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>断开函数发生器，并移除用于负载测量的差分探头，以便进行负载修改。其余电路和连接保持不变。</li>
</ol>
<img alt="整流电路图，交流输入转直流输出，包含二极管和电阻元件。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图 1"> 
图 1：带电阻负载的半波整流电路
3. 高频输入下的电阻-电感负载
<ol>
	<li>使用图1中的相同电路，将一个4.7 mH的电感器（L）与阻性负载以串联方式连接，如图2所示。</li>
	<li>将差分电压探头连接在负载电阻两端，以观察电阻电压Vout，其波形与R-L负载电流Iout的波形相同。</li>
	<li>打开函数发生器的输出。</li>
	<li>调节示波器的时间基准，显示最多四个输入电压Vin基本周期内的Vin和Vout波形。保存波形图像。
	<ol>
		<li>放大二极管关断区域，观察关断时间的延迟。保存该区域的波形图像。</li>
		<li>关闭函数发生器输出，并将其从电路中断开。</li>
		<li>移除电感器L，其余电路保持不变。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
<img alt="带有二极管、电感、电阻的交流-直流转换电路图；电流流向示意图。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图 2"> 
图 2：带阻感负载的半波整流电路
4. 低频输入下的电阻负载
<ol>
	<li>确保可变变压器（VARIAC）输出处于5%且与电路断开。将差分探头连接到可变变压器两端，打开可变变压器，并微调其输出以获得10 V峰值电压。
	<ol>
		<li>在示波器上捕获波形，作为参考输入电压的观测依据。</li>
		<li>关闭可变变压器，但不要改变其电压设置。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>使用图1中的相同电路，即断开电感器，仅以电阻作为负载，通过插头-香蕉头电缆连接可变变压器输出端。</li>
	<li>将差分电压探头连接至负载电阻两端，以观测输出电压 Vout。</li>
	<li>打开可变变压器输出。远离电路，并在示波器上观察波形。如果需要调试电路，请先关闭可变变压器电源。</li>
	<li>调节示波器的时间基准，显示最多四个基波周期的 Vout 波形。复制该波形。
	<ol>
		<li>放大二极管关断区域，复制该区域的波形。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>关闭可变变压器并拆卸电路。切勿更改可变变压器的电压设置。</li>
</ol>
全波整流器
5. 电阻负载
<ol>
	<li>在面包板上搭建图 3 所示的电路。
	<ol>
		<li>确保二极管的极性正确。二极管上的短横线一端为阴极。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>电路搭建完成后，将自耦变压器（VARIAC）的输出端连接为交流电源。</li>
	<li>将差分电压探头连接在负载电阻两端，以观测输出电压 Vout。</li>
	<li>打开自耦变压器（VARIAC）的输出。远离电路，并在示波器上观察波形。如果需要对电路进行调试，请先关闭自耦变压器（VARIAC）的电源。</li>
	<li>调节示波器的时间基准，使 Vout 显示最多四个 Vin 基波周期的波形。保存一份波形图像。
	<ol>
		<li>使用光标测量 Vout 的峰峰值。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>保持探头连接不变，关闭自耦变压器（VARIAC），并拆解电路。
	<ol>
		<li>不要改变自耦变压器（VARIAC）的电压设置。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
<img alt="桥式整流电路图，将交流电转换为直流电，显示二极管 D1、D2 和电阻 R。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig3.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图 3"> 
图 3．带电阻负载的全波整流电路。
6. 带滤波电容的电阻负载
<ol>
	<li>使用图3中的相同电路，将一个电解电容（C）与阻性负载并联连接，如图4所示。
	<ol>
		<li>确保电容的极性正确，负极（-）连接至负载的负侧。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>打开VARIAC输出。远离电路，并在示波器上观察波形。在调试电路前，务必先关闭VARIAC电源。</li>
	<li>调节示波器的时间基准，以显示最多四个VIN基波周期的Vout波形。复制一份波形图。
	<ol>
		<li>使用光标功能及该通道的交流耦合选项测量Vout的峰峰值（交流耦合可消除信号的直流偏移）。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>完成测量后，将通道恢复为直流耦合。</li>
	<li>关闭VARIAC。</li>
	<li>拆解电路并整理实验台。</li>
</ol>
<img alt="交流转直流转换，桥式整流电路图，二极管配置，电气工程" src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig4.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图 4"> 
图 4．带阻性负载和电容滤波的全波整流电路

二极管整流器几乎存在于每一种电源、充电器、变频驱动器以及许多保护电路中。大多数直流电源或可调交流电源均采用二极管整流器将交流电转换为直流电，如有需要（例如在交流电源和变频驱动器中），再将直流电转换为可调的交流电。在电力电子变换器中，二极管常用于电压阻断，以及电感器、机电继电器和电机绕组中的续流能量释放。二极管的应用不仅限于电力电子领域，还广泛应用于低功率电子设备、通信系统和照明系统中。

单相整流器

来源：Ali Bazzi，康涅狄格大学电气工程系，斯托尔斯，康涅狄格州。
直流电源通常指能够提供直流或单向电压和电流的设备。电池就是一种这样的电源，但其使用寿命和成本方面存在局限性。另一种提供单向电源的方法是使用整流器将交流市电转换为直流电。
整流器是一种只允许电流单向通过而阻断反向电流的器件，能够实现交流电到直流电的转换。整流器在电子电路中具有重要作用，因为当其两端的正向电压超过一定阈值后，仅允许电流沿特定方向通过。整流器可以是二极管、可控硅整流器或其他类型的硅P-N结器件。二极管有两个电极：阳极和阴极，电流从阳极流向阴极。整流电路使用一个或多个二极管，将具有双极性的交流电压和电流转换为单极性的电压和电流，从而可通过滤波电路轻松滤波，获得直流电压和电流。

预期与半波整流器相连的电阻负载仅会看到输入交流电压的正半周期，因为二极管整流器仅允许电流单向通过。使用全桥整流器时，输入的正半周期和负半周期均被整流为正向电压，但若加入电容，则可滤除大部分电压纹波，从而为负载提供平稳的直流电压。
当在负载上串联一个电感器时，预计二极管的关断将被延迟。这可以通过以下方式解释：二极管在两种条件同时满足时才会关断：1）流过二极管的电流必须降至零；2）二极管两端的电压（阳极至阴极电压）低于导通阈值。当电感器与负载串联时，它会储存能量，并在电源不可用或二极管阳极侧电压变为负值时充当电流源。因此，电感电流将持续维持二极管处于正向偏置状态，直到电感中储存的能量被耗尽。输入电压为 Vin=V0cos(ωt) 时，基本整流电路所遵循的关键方程如下：
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来源：Ali Bazzi，康涅狄格大学电气工程系，美国康涅狄格州斯托尔斯市。  
直流电源通常被认为是一种设备……

单相整流器用于将交流电源电压和电流转换为直流电，以满足电子设备和数字电子装置的供电需求。供给家庭和商业场所的标准市电为交流电。然而，大多数数字电子设备设计为使用直流电源运行。整流器是一种可将交流电转换为兼容直流电的装置。整流器仅允许电流单向通过，从而将双极性的交流输入转换为单极性的整流输出。整流电路使用一个或多个二极管，仅通过交流电的正半周或负半周，产生脉动输出，再经滤波后获得平稳、稳定的直流电压和电流。本视频将介绍整流器和二极管电路的基本概念，演示几种常见的整流电路，并测试在不同输入电压和负载配置条件下整流电路的输出电压。整流器是电子电路中用于使电流单向导通而反向阻断的器件。整流器仅在正向电压超过某一阈值时才允许电流通过。二极管整流器具有两个端子：阳极和阴极，电流从阳极流向阴极，而从阴极到阳极的电流则被阻断。单相半波整流器通过单个二极管传递电压。在此电路中，仅交流输入电压的正半周会传输到负载电阻两端。若将二极管反接，则仅交流输入电压的负半周会出现在电阻两端。交流电周期的负半周电压被阻断。由于仅存在一种极性，其均方根（RMS）输出电压相较于双极性输入电压有所降低。全波整流器通过由四个二极管组成的桥式电路传递交流输入电压的两个半周期，如图所示。它将负半周的极性翻转，从而在负载电阻上获得更高的平均输出电压。整流器产生的电流为单向脉动电流，该特性在半波整流器中更为明显。然而，通常通过在负载电阻上串联一个电感器来对整流器的输出进行滤波。在全波整流器中，将一个电容器与负载电阻并联可实现相同目的。本视频将演示在不同输出负载条件下半波与全波单相整流器的工作原理、二极管关断特性，以及利用不同电路对直流输出电压进行滤波的过程。为了演示整流器的工作原理，使用两种不同的交流电源：高频输入为 1 千赫兹，由函数发生器产生，输出 10 伏峰值的正弦波；低频 60 赫兹输入则由可变交流变压器（variac）提供。电路通电时，请勿触碰任何部分。使用函数发生器作为电源时，电路应按图示方式接地；但切勿将可变交流变压器的电源接地。设置函数发生器以输出高频信号时，先将差分探头连接至示波器通道一，将 10x 探头连接至通道二。将差分探头的缩放系数设为 20x，10x 探头的缩放系数设为 10x。在示波器通道菜单中，将两个探头均设置为 10x。对于差分探头，需手动将测量值乘以 2，以达到所需的 20x 输出倍率。接下来，将 BNC 转鳄鱼夹电缆连接至函数发生器的 50 欧姆输出端，并将鳄鱼夹连接至 10x 示波器探头。将输出设置为 10 伏峰值、1,000 赫兹、零直流偏移的正弦波形。信号正确设置后，断开 BNC 连接器和示波器探头，但保持函数发生器开启以保留其设置。设置可变交流变压器以输出低频信号时，首先确保输出插座已断开，且设备处于关闭状态，其旋钮置于零位。然后缓慢调节可变交流变压器的旋钮至 5% 输出，以获得 10 伏峰值电压。首先，使用高频输入电压和纯电阻负载测试半波整流电路。按照图示搭建电路，采用一个51欧姆的负载电阻，以及一个额定电压为50伏、额定电流为2安的二极管。二极管的极性在其阴极一端用短横线符号标出。在将差分探头连接到电路之前，先将探头的两个端子短接，并调节波形使其偏置电压为零。然后，将差分电压探头连接在负载电阻两端以观测输出电压，同时将10倍探头连接在交流侧以观测输入电压。接下来，调节示波器的时间基准，使其显示输入电压四个周期内的输入和输出电压波形。在进行任何电路修改之前，先断开函数发生器，并从电路中移除差分探头。接着，使用高频输入电压和电阻-电感负载测试半波整流电路。在原有电路基础上，串联接入一个电感器，如图所示。按照前述方法，将探头连接至电路，并显示输入和输出电压的波形。测试完成后，关闭函数发生器，断开差分探头，并从电路中移除电感器。最后，使用低频输入电压和纯电阻负载测试半波整流电路。将差分探头连接至自耦变压器（变比器）两端并开启电源。调节自耦变压器，使其输出峰值电压为10伏，然后在不改变其电压设定的情况下关闭自耦变压器。按照图示，将自耦变压器的输出端连接至电阻性电路。然后，将差分电压探头连接在负载电阻两端以观测输出电压。开启自耦变压器电源。当自耦变压器通电并处于开启状态时，切勿触碰电路。按照前述方法，显示输入和输出电压的波形。首先，使用电阻负载测试全波整流电路。按照所示方式搭建电路，并将探头和可变变压器输出端连接至电路。如前所述，显示输入和输出电压的波形，并测量峰峰值电压。保持探头连接不变，关闭可变变压器，然后将一个电解电容与电阻负载并联。接着观察输入和输出电压。第一个图显示了交流电源电压的四个周期，以及与半波整流器相连的电阻负载的输出。只有输入交流电压的正半周期能够通过二极管整流器。如果半波整流电路的输入电压是正弦波，则单个二极管带电阻负载时的平均输出电压等于输入峰值电压除以 π。当在负载电阻上串联一个电感器时，二极管的关断区域会被延迟。这种电感器与电阻器的组合构成一个低通滤波器。当电感值足够大时，输出中的振荡分量被阻断，仅留下恒定的直流分量。对于全桥整流器，输入的正半周期通过电路，而负半周期被整流为正向。添加一个足够大的电容器可滤除大部分电压纹波，从而为负载提供稳定的直流电压。二极管整流器广泛应用于大多数电源、充电器、变频驱动器以及许多保护电路中。首先，交流电源适配器用于为直流供电的设备转换电能，或为设备内部的直流电池充电。这种适配器的电路可以非常简单，仅包含一个变压器（用于将来自120伏市电的电压降低）、一个由四个二极管组成的全波桥式整流电路，以及一个用于平滑直流输出电压的电容。晶闸管（thyristor）是一种硅控整流器，常用于调光器、电机调速控制器和电压调节器中。从结构上看，晶闸管由交替的P型和N型半导体层构成，在P型端形成阳极，N型端形成阴极，并在靠近阴极的P型层引出一个门极。当门极注入的电流脉冲超过其导通阈值时，晶闸管便从关断状态切换至导通状态，允许电流从阳极向阴极正向导通。这种机制实现了电流的单向整流，并通过集成的开关功能调节输出功率。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于单相整流器的简介视频。您现在应该理解了单相整流器的工作原理、常见的整流电路及其输出特性，以及一些常见的整流器应用。感谢观看。

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JoVE Science Education

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Electrical Engineering

电气工程

ac to dc conversion with rectifiers

Rectifiers convert AC power into DC power for electronic circuits. A DC power supply provides unidirectional voltage and current. Batteries can do this, but they are limited by lifetime and cost. Using a rectifier is another way to turn AC line power into DC power.

A rectifier is a device that lets current pass in one direction and blocks it in the other. It works after a forward voltage threshold is reached. Rectifiers may use a diode, a silicon controlled rectifier, or other silicon P-N junction devices. In a diode, current flows from the anode to the cathode.

Rectifier circuits use one or more diodes to change AC voltages and currents, which are bipolar, into unipolar voltages and currents. The output can then be filtered to produce DC voltage and current that are easier to use in electronic systems.

AC to DC Conversion with Rectifiers

electrical safety precautions and basic equipment

electrical-safety-precautions-and-basic-equipment

Safe Handling of High-Voltage Lab Power

Safe handling of high-voltage lab power is essential in electric machine and power electronics experiments. These labs involve electrical currents, voltages, power, and energy that require extreme care. The systems used in this work can include three-phase AC voltage at 208 V, 230 V, or 480 V. They may also use up to 250 V DC and currents that can reach 10 A. These levels can be dangerous if handled without proper attention. Electrocution can happen when electricity passes through the body.

characterization of magnetic components

B-H Curves and Inductor Core Limits

Magnetic components such as inductors and transformers depend on the core material around their windings. In this experiment, students get hands-on experience with these parts from both a design view and a material view. The work focuses on B-H curves, which show the magnetic behavior of a material. A B-H curve describes the magnetic flux density the core can support as current flows through the windings. It also helps show the limit before magnetic saturation occurs. Magnetic saturation...

introduction to the power pole board

Power Pole Board for DC/DC Converter Labs

The HiRel Power Pole Board is a flexible tool for studying DC/DC converters. A DC/DC converter changes direct-current voltage and current from one level to another. In many cases, voltage conversion is the main goal. This board supports several converter types on one platform. It can be used to examine boost converters, which step voltage up, and buck converters, which step voltage down. It also helps students study buck-boost converters, which can step voltage up or down. The board is also...

dc/dc boost converter

Stepping Up DC Voltage with Boost Converters

DC voltage can be increased with a boost converter. This step-up circuit is useful in many applications where a DC source must be raised without first converting it to AC, using a transformer, and then rectifying the transformer output. A boost converter uses an inductor as an energy storage device. The inductor supports the output with extra energy in addition to the DC input source. That added energy raises the output voltage. This experiment studies several characteristics of a boost...

dc/dc buck converter

Buck Converter Step-Down DC Voltage

A DC/DC buck converter steps down DC voltage in an efficient, regulated way. Unlike transformers, which easily raise or lower AC voltage and current, DC systems need switching power converters to change voltage levels. The buck converter works by chopping the input DC voltage with a series input switch. An L-C low-pass filter then smooths the chopped signal and extracts the average output voltage. A diode gives the inductor current a path when the switch is off during part of the switching...

flyback converter

Flyback Converter Voltage Step-Up and Step-Down

A flyback converter is a buck-boost converter that can both step voltage up and step it down. It also provides electrical isolation between the input and the output by using a coupled inductor, or flyback transformer. The coupled inductor acts like a transformer with a turns ratio, but it also stores energy through the air gap. This setup gives the converter both voltage step-up and step-down capability. In the experiment, the converter is studied in open-loop operation with a manually set...

single phase transformers

Single Phase Transformer Testing

Single-phase transformers step up or step down AC voltage in electric power systems. They are stationary electric machines with primary and secondary coils, also called windings. The primary winding receives the applied voltage, and the secondary winding delivers the changed voltage. Inside the transformer, current in one winding creates magnetic flux in the core. This flux links the two windings and transfers energy between them. With AC current, the changing flux induces voltage in the...

single phase rectifiers

Rectifiers convert AC power into DC power for electronic circuits. A DC power supply provides unidirectional voltage and current. Batteries can do this, but they are limited by lifetime and cost. Using a rectifier is another way to turn AC line power into DC power. A rectifier is a device that lets current pass in one direction and blocks it in the other. It works after a forward voltage threshold is reached. Rectifiers may use a diode, a silicon controlled rectifier, or other silicon P-N...

thyristor rectifier

Controlling SCR Half-Wave Rectification

Thyristors, also called silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), are used to control current in a rectifier circuit. Like diodes, they let current pass from the anode to the cathode and block current in the opposite direction. Unlike a diode, a thyristor can be turned on with a gate terminal that receives a small current pulse. A thyristor is a four-layer device with alternating n-type and p-type layers. These layers form a PNPN structure with three junctions. The device has three terminals. The...

single phase inverter

DC to AC Conversion with Half-Bridge Inverters

DC to AC conversion is the main idea behind a power inverter. DC power flows in one direction, while AC current changes direction at about 50-60 Hz. Many electronic devices are designed to run on AC power, so a DC source must be inverted before it can be used with them. An inverter makes this change through switching action. The switches repeatedly flip the polarity of the input DC source at the output, or load side, for part of a switching period. A typical power inverter needs a stable DC...

dc motors

DC Motors and Generator Action

DC machines use direct current and direct voltage to create motion or generate electricity. They were the first machines of this kind to be invented. A DC machine works with two magnetic fields that are controlled by DC currents, and the same machine can be set up as either a motor or a generator when the right field excitation is available. In a DC machine, the field is usually on the stator side and the armature is on the rotor side. That arrangement is the reverse of what is found in many...

ac induction motor characterization

Three-Phase Motor Equivalent Circuit Tests

Three-phase induction motor testing can be used to find equivalent circuit parameters. The experiment uses the per-phase equivalent circuit to model the motor. This model keeps the important behavior of the original system and makes calculations easier. The procedure uses tests similar to those used in transformer characterization. These measurements help estimate the motor's circuit values from its electrical response. The experiment also aims to operate the motor in the linear torque-speed...

vfd-fed ac induction machine

Variable Frequency Drive Speed Control

Variable frequency drives, or VFDs, control the speed of AC induction motors. They are a type of adjustable speed drive and are becoming standard equipment for powering most AC induction motors. In industrial and automation settings, VFDs can provide strong control of motor speed, torque, or position. This experiment focuses on speed control with open-loop operation. It uses constant voltage-to-frequency ratio control, also called V/f control. The motor usually operates at a rated stator flux,...

ac synchronous machine synchronization

Grid Connection of AC Synchronous Generators

AC synchronous generators are a major source of electrical power worldwide. They are three-phase, wound-rotor machines that are used in many power plants. These generators need a prime mover and an exciter to produce power. A prime mover is the device that spins the generator, often a turbine driven by fluid. That fluid can come from water flowing from a dam through a long nozzle or from steam made by burning coal. Most power plants use synchronous generators, including coal, nuclear, natural...

ac synchronous machine characterization

Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Starting and V-Curves

Three-phase synchronous motors and generators are important AC machines. Wound-rotor synchronous motors are less common than permanent magnet rotor synchronous motors because the rotor field uses brushes. Synchronous generators are much more common. They are used in most existing power plants because they provide excellent frequency and voltage regulation. A synchronous motor runs at the same speed as the stator magnetic field. This gives it almost 0% speed regulation, so the rotor speed stays...

electrical engineering

本系列从电气安全视频开始, 介绍了电气实验室中常用设备的最佳实践。随后的视频介绍了电感器、变压器、变流器、整流器和逆变器等元素。

Learn how rectifiers turn AC line power into DC, how diodes block reverse current, and why rectifier circuits matter in electronic systems.

AC to DC Conversion with Rectifiers | JoVE K12

Ali Bazzi

Overview

Principles of Single-Phase Rectifiers

AC Source Setup

Half-Wave Rectifier Test

Full-Wave Rectifier Test

Representative Results

Applications

Summary

Newton's Second Law

Newton&#39;s second law is closely related to his first law of motion. It mathematically gives the cause-and-effect relationship between force and changes ...

Second Law: Motion under Same Force

Newton&#39;s laws can be applied to bodies at rest and bodies in motion. Newton&#39;s first law is applied to bodies in equilibrium, whereas the second ...

Force and Acceleration

Source: Nicholas Timmons,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, ...

second-law-motion-under-same-acceleration

Second Law: Motion under Same Acceleration

Newton&#39;s second law of motion applies to bodies moving under the same acceleration. For example, when a baggage tractor pulls luggage carts, each cart ...

Newton's Laws of Motion

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
This experiment examines at various situations involving two interacting ...

Newton's Law of Motion

When we observe objects around us, one question that comes to mind is why they move or stay still. The answer to this question can be explained using ...

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

P-PS2-1

Force and Momentum

Force and momentum are intimately related. Force acting over time can change momentum, and Newton&#39;s second law of motion can be stated in its most ...

Internal and External Forces

Newton&#39;s first law states that a net external force causes a change in motion. External forces act on an object or system, originating outside of the ...

Conservation of Momentum: Introduction

The total momentum of a system consisting of N interacting objects is constant in time or is conserved. A system must meet two requirements for its ...

Force

Forces affect every moment of our life. Our bodies are held to the Earth by force, and they are held together by the forces of charged particles. When we ...

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of Momentum: Problem Solving

Solving problems using the conservation of momentum requires four basic steps:

	Identify a closed system, where the total mass is constant, and no net ...

conservation-of-linear-momentum-for-a-system-of-particles

Conservation of Linear Momentum for a System of Particles

In a game of billiards, when the cue ball strikes a stationary ball, it transfers some of its momentum to the stationary ball. The cue ball slows down, ...

principle-of-linear-impulse-and-momentum-for-a-system-of-particles

Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a System of Particles

Consider a system of particles moving relative to an inertial frame of reference.
The equation of motion for such a system can be written as the sum of ...

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

P-PS2-2

principle-of-linear-impulse-and-momentum-for-a-single-particle

Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a Single Particle

Linear momentum is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the motion of an object. It is a vector quantity, having a magnitude equal to the ...

principle-of-angular-impulse-and-momentum-problem-solving

Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum: Problem Solving

Consider a ball of mass m, attached to a massless rod of known length, subjected to a time-dependent torque. If the initial velocity of the mass is known, ...

Linear Momentum

The term momentum is used in various ways in everyday language, most of which are consistent with the precise scientific definition. Generally, momentum ...

principle-of-angular-impulse-and-momentum

Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum

The angular impulse and momentum principle provides insights into how forces applied at a distance from an object&#39;s rotational axis influence its ...

principle-linear-impulse-momentum-for-single-particle-problem

Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a Single Particle: Problem Solving

Consider a massless pulley system consisting of a wooden box and a cylinder of known masses. Determine the speed of the attached objects at a specific ...

Angular Momentum

Angular momentum describes the rotational motion of an object.
It is defined as the moment of the object&#39;s linear momentum about a specific point O.
...

relation-between-moment-of-a-force-and-angular-momentum

Relation Between Moment of a Force and Angular Momentum

In a spinning top, applying a force at a distance from the center creates torque, which changes the angular momentum of the top, causing it to spin.
The ...

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the effect of a force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

P-PS2-3

Gravitation

In the years before Newton, a general belief prevailed that different laws governed objects in the sky than objects on Earth. When Kepler wrote down the ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14716.jpg

Newton's Law of Gravitation

Our everyday observation tells us that all objects close to the Earth naturally tend to fall to the ground. Early philosophers assumed that this downward ...

gravitation-between-spherically-symmetric-masses

Gravitation Between Spherically Symmetric Masses

The gravitational potential energy between two spherically symmetric bodies can be calculated from the masses and the distance between the bodies, ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14717.jpg

Gravity between Spherical Bodies

Newton&#39;s law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, ...

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude ...

comparison-between-electrical-and-gravitational-forces

Comparison Between Electrical And Gravitational Forces

There are four fundamental forces in nature: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. To ...

Newton's Law of Gravitational Attraction

Sir Isaac Newton established the universality of the law of gravitational attraction based on empirical evidence and inductive reasoning. He published his ...

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of ...

Use mathematical representations of Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

P-PS2-4

Types of Forces

In most situations, forces can be grouped into two categories: contact forces and field forces.&#160; Contact forces occur as a result of direct physical ...

Magnetic Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Magnetic fields can be ...

Electric Charge in a Magnetic Field

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
This experiment duplicates J.J. Thomson's famous experiment at the end of ...

Electric Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
An electric field is generated ...

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by ...

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Energy Stored in Capacitors

A parallel plate capacitor connected to a battery develops a potential difference across its plates.
By integrating the equation relating voltage and ...

Power and Energy

Energy is the total work required to drive the current through the circuit.
A rise in voltage results in more work done, passing more current, resulting ...

Voltage

The movement of electrons in a conductor requires some form of energy or work, usually provided by an external force, like a battery. This force is called ...

Electromotive Force

Electromotive force (emf) is the force that causes current to flow from a higher to a lower&#160; potential. The term &#34;electromotive ...

Electrical Energy

Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the ...

Electrical Current

Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large ...

Electric Potential Energy

When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge q, it is given kinetic energy. The process is analogous to an object accelerated by a ...

Electrical Power

Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

P-PS2-5

sources-and-properties-of-electric-charge

Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

All objects we see around us consist of atoms, which combine to form molecules. The lightest element in the universe is hydrogen, and a hydrogen atom ...

Electric Charges

From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the ...

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces ...

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central&#160;core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the ...

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

AC to DC Conversion with Rectifiers

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