Name: scientific method steps and controls
Uploaded: 2019-01-29T11:04:44.000Z
Duration: 7 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

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Scientific Method

科学方法是一套科学家用于研究现象的技术和问题框架，旨在使科学发现变得简单且可重复。早在公元前4世纪，实验者便已开始粗略遵循这一方法，但首个正式成形的科学方法是在欧洲文艺复兴时期提出的。当时，弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）、伽利略（Galileo）和艾萨克·牛顿（Isaac Newton）等处于科学前沿的学者开始将我们今天用于开展实验的规则付诸常规实践。
通常，科学方法的第一步是提出一个问题，这通常是在观察到某种现象之后进行的。例如，假设你一直在饲养毛毛虫，注意到有些毛毛虫进入蛹期所需的时间比其他的更长。于是你开始思考：毛毛虫的发育速度是否因温度不同而有所差异？
这就引出了科学方法的第二部分：假设。假设是对为何会出现我们所观察到的现象的一种不确定性解释，它主要分为两种类型。第一种是实验性假设，也称备择假设，它意味着所研究的变量之间存在某种关系，例如本例中的温度与毛毛虫发育之间的关系。因此，我们的实验假设可以是：如果毛毛虫在较低的温度下饲养，它们从卵发育到化蛹所需的时间会更长。关键在于，一个好的假设必须是可检验的。对于我们的毛毛虫实验，我们可以改变温度，并记录它们从卵发育到蛹所用的时间，同时该假设也必须是可证伪的。例如，如果无论温度如何变化，毛毛虫发育所需的时间大致相同，那么我们就可以认为该假设很可能是错误的。第二种假设是零假设。它通常推测在实验过程中不会观察到任何显著的变化或差异。在我们的毛毛虫实验示例中，零假设可以表述为：毛毛虫在不同温度条件下将以相同的速率发育。
提出假设后，科学方法的第三步是进行实验和收集数据。在典型的实验中，通常包含两种类型的变量。自变量是由实验者直接操控的因素。因此，在研究毛毛虫时，当我们改变温度，就是在改变自变量。因变量，也称为响应变量，会受到自变量状态的影响。因此，当我们让毛毛虫暴露在不同温度下时，其发育速率就是响应结果，即因变量。
支持或证伪假设的数据主要有两种类型。第一种是定性数据，通常指通过感官（如观察、触摸、听觉、嗅觉甚至味觉）获得的描述性观察结果。在我们的实验中，我们可能会记录到，在正常温度条件下，相比低温条件，幼虫活动频繁且进食较多。与定性数据不同，定量数据是可以测量并以数字形式记录的数据。因此，当我们记录幼虫从孵化到最终化蛹所需的时间（小时数）时，就得到了一个明确的数值。在任何对自变量进行操控的实验中，尽可能设置对照条件至关重要。在我们的幼虫实验中，可以将幼虫在21摄氏度的标准室温下培养作为对照，因为这能够展示在正常条件下幼虫发育的情况，以便与实验条件下的结果进行比较。
在观察性实验中，可能不需要甚至无法设置对照组。例如，假设我们的幼虫已经发育为成年蝴蝶，正在花园中以花蜜为食。根据我们的实验假设，蝴蝶更倾向于在大型粉红色花朵上觅食；而零假设则认为蝴蝶没有偏好，会随机访问各种花朵。在这种情况下，只需观察并记录蝴蝶访问每种花型的次数，即可获得足够的数据来验证或否定我们的假设，而无需对任何变量进行干预，也无需设置对照组。
数据收集完成后，下一步是分析这些数据的含义。科学家会比较两个假设的预测结果，以判断是否能够拒绝零假设。这可以通过比较对照组与实验组中因变量的数值来实现。如果两者不相等，则可以拒绝零假设。如果收集到的数据支持某一假设，例如在较冷环境下，毛虫从卵发育到蛹所用的时间显著更长，那么该实验假设的可信度就会提高；但需要强调的是，这并不意味着该假设一定为真，因为未来的实验可能会揭示新的信息。
科学方法的最后一步是得出结论，并讨论研究结果可能意味着什么。在此过程中，研究人员可能会参考其他实验或其他文献，以将他们的发现置于更广泛的背景中，并解释结果呈现特定趋势的原因。例如，结论可能是：毛毛虫更倾向于在接近其自然栖息地温度的条件下生长。这反过来可能引发新的问题，例如：其他物种在不同温度下的化蛹速率是否也不同？这可能会启发新的实验研究，而这些新实验仍可通过科学方法进行验证。

科学方法

科学方法被用于解决问题和解释现象。科学方法的发展伴随着支撑科学发现的哲学思想的变革，彻底改变了社会对自然的认知。在欧洲文艺复兴时期，弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）、伽利略（Galileo）和艾萨克·牛顿（Isaac Newton）等人正式确立了科学方法的概念并将其付诸实践。尽管自其早期提出以来，科学方法已历经修订，但其大部分框架和哲学理念至今仍在沿用。
<h4>步骤1：观察与问题提出</h4>
在开展研究之前，科学家必须明确需要解决的问题。科学过程中的这一关键第一步包括观察感兴趣的自然现象。该观察应引出关于这些现象的一系列问题。这一阶段通常需要进行背景研究，以理解相关主题以及以往对类似问题的研究。回顾和评估先前的研究可帮助科学家进一步完善其研究问题，从而更准确地填补科学知识的空白。明确研究问题并理解相关前期研究将影响科学方法的应用方式，因此是研究过程中的重要第一步。
一个日常生活中的例子：你正准备去上学或上班，但你的汽车无法启动。大多数人在这种情况下经历的思维过程显然与正式的科学方法相类似（在你平复情绪之后）。首先，你进行观察：我的汽车无法启动！随之而来的问题是：为什么它无法工作？
<h4>步骤 2：假设</h4>
下一步是根据已有知识提出假设。假设是一种“不确定的解释”或未经证实的推测，旨在基于后续实验或观察所获得的知识来解释某种现象。通常，科学家会针对问题提出多个假设，并对其进行系统的检验。
所有假设都必须满足科学过程的特定标准。首先，假设必须具有可检验性和可证伪性。假设的这一特性至关重要，其重要性远超过假设本身是否正确。可检验的假设是指能够产生可通过观察或实验验证的预测的假设。可证伪的假设是指通过观察到与之矛盾的结果，能够被证明为错误的假设。这使得研究者能够随着时间的推移增强信心，其方式不是不断积累支持假设正确的证据，而是通过证明那些可能使其不成立的情况并未发生。
假设分为两种形式：零假设和备择假设。零假设与备择假设相对，并表明在实验中不会观察到任何变化。备择假设通常是前两段中描述的内容，也称为实验假设。备择假设是实验所预测的结果。如果拒绝零假设，则为备择假设提供了证据支持。
一个日常的例子：也许外面天气极冷，因此你的汽车电池没电的可能性相当大。也许你知道前一天晚上油量就已经很低，因此油箱可能已经空了。
<h4>步骤3：实验与数据收集</h4>
无论哪种情况，下一步都是进行更多的观察或开展实验以得出结论。在提出假设之后，科学家会设计并实施实验来检验这些假设。这些实验将提供数据，用以支持或证伪该假设。数据可以通过定量或定性观察来收集。定性信息指的是仅通过人的感官——如视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉或触觉——即可获得的观察结果。相比之下，定量观察则是通过某种精确测量手段来检验假设。
实验是一种旨在确定对现实世界的观察是否与假设中推导出的预测相符或相矛盾的程序。如果实验提供的证据支持某一假设，则该假设的可信度会得到提升。但这并不意味着该假设为真，因为未来的实验可能会揭示有关原始假设的新信息。实验设计是科学方法中的另一个关键步骤，会对实验结果及由此得出的结论产生重大影响。应投入充分的思考和时间来设计实验，并尽可能减少潜在的误差。实验应当设计成使所有可能影响实验结果的变量或因素都处于研究者的控制之下。实验条件通常通过两类变量来描述：自变量和因变量（或称响应变量）。自变量由研究者直接操控或调节，通常被认为是可能影响因变量的因素。因变量（或响应变量）则依赖于自变量的取值。实验通常被设计为仅操纵一个特定因素，以揭示因果关系。
一个日常的例子：汽车是否还拥有所有零部件？这是正确的钥匙吗？油表显示什么？搭电启动是否有帮助？
实验设计中的另一个重要方面是对照处理的作用，它代表一种未进行人为干预的处理条件。对照处理应与实验处理保持相同的环境条件，但不施加实验性的干预措施。例如，如果研究人员正在测试土壤盐度对植物生长的影响，那么对照处理中的土壤则不添加任何盐分。对照处理提供了“正常”条件下的基准，用于与实验处理进行比较。
实验设计还应包含每种处理的重复。实验结果的可重复性是科学方法的重要组成部分，可确保数据的有效性和准确性。由于很难控制实验的所有方面，因此即使在设计最严谨、控制最严格的实验中，结果仍存在无法避免的内在变异。设置重复可以使研究人员估计这种结果中的内在变异。精确地记录和测量数据对于确保结果的准确性以及由此得出的结论也极为重要。
<h4>步骤4：结果与数据分析</h4>
科学方法的下一步是确定实验结果的含义。科学家通过比较零假设与备择假设的预测结果，来判断是否能够拒绝零假设。拒绝零假设意味着因变量在对照组与实验组处理条件下的数值之间存在显著差异的概率较高。如果存在显著差异，则可以拒绝零假设并接受备择假设。相反，研究者也可能无法拒绝零假设，这意味着处理因素对结果没有影响。在科学家根据实验数据或观察结果对零假设做出任何结论之前，必须进行统计检验，以确保数据的有效性以及后续解释的可靠性。统计检验使研究人员能够判断对照组与实验组处理之间是否存在真实差异。在此基础上，他们可以创建图表来展示研究发现。
<h4>步骤5：结论</h4>
科学方法的最后一步是解释实验结果，并根据结果合乎逻辑地得出结论。通常，科学过程的这一步骤还需要研究人员重新查阅科学文献，将其结果与相关领域的其他实验或观察结果进行比较。这有助于研究人员将他们的实验置于更广泛的背景中，深入阐述特定结果的意义。此外，这也有助于他们说明自己的研究工作如何融入其学科领域的更大框架之中。
科学过程并不会止步于此！科学过程随着时间推移而不断推进，科学领域内的知识不断积累，推动我们对解释自然现象的特定机制或过程的理解。如果我们未能拒绝原假设，则有必要回到科学方法的初始阶段，尝试重新构建我们的研究问题，并分析为何未能获得预期的结果。
<h4>科学方法的应用</h4>
这种方法在日常生活和实验室中使用的唯一区别在于，科学家会从观察到假设、再到实验，最后到结论和同行评审，对整个工作过程进行详细记录。此外，与实验室外的问题解决方式不同，实验室中的科学方法包含受控的条件和变量。
让我们通过一个实验室中的实例来探讨科学方法。已知植物的生长会受到其土壤中微生物（如细菌和真菌）的影响。可以通过将植物种植在完全无菌的土壤中，然后逐一添加微生物，或以不同组合方式加入微生物，并测量植物的生长情况，从而确定哪些微生物具有何种影响。现在，让我们将这一过程对应到描述科学方法所使用的术语中：
观察与问题：土壤中存在微生物……这些微生物会影响植物生长吗？
假设：
实验结果：一种特定的微生物会使植物生长速度变慢。
阴性对照：微生物的存在与否对植物生长没有影响
实验：将植物分为三组，分别种植于 1）无菌土壤、2）添加了微生物的土壤、3）天然土壤中。使用直尺定期测量植物的生长情况。
结论：如果第2组植物的生长速度比其他两组更慢，则该假设得到支持。但需通过对大量植物进行统计分析，才能认定结果具有显著性。每组仅使用一株植物的实验是不合理的。
第1组为对照组，用于表明植物能够在无菌土壤中生长。第3组是另一个对照组，用于表明植物在正常条件下能够生长。第2组为实验组。可以向其中添加不同浓度的微生物，或使用不同种类的微生物，以引入更多变量。关键在于，研究人员必须有可用于与实验组进行比较的对照组。如果实验仅包含第2组，而研究人员判断植物“看起来不健康”，则该结论仅为主观意见。要使这一观察具有科学性，唯一的方法是拥有健康的植物作为衡量标准。实验中所用微生物的种类或数量为自变量，因为研究人员可对其进行控制；实验结束时植物的大小为因变量或响应变量，因为它代表的是实验结果。
最终，此类研究工作会发表在科学期刊上，以便其他研究人员能够了解所采用的方法和得出的结论。这类出版物需要经过同行评审，这意味着一篇文章只有在其他研究人员审阅并认可其质量后，才能在期刊上发表。作为科学共同体，人们基于各个科学家开展的实验中观察到的规律，逐步形成普遍性的科学概念，从而发展出科学的理论。该术语意味着研究人员普遍达成共识，认为某一特定概念或过程是真实存在的。需要注意的是，“理论”一词与“假设”含义不同。一旦科学家使用“理论”来描述某个概念，即表明在当前所有可获得数据的基础上，该概念被视为真实成立。当然，如果有大量实验证据表明相反的结果，理论也可以被修正。

科学方法被用于解决问题和解释现象。科学方法的发展与哲学的变革同步进行……

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scientific method steps and controls

The scientific method gives scientists a way to solve problems and explain natural events. Its development grew alongside new ideas in science during the European Renaissance. Thinkers such as Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton helped formalize the process. Although the method has changed over time, much of its basic framework is still used today.

The process begins with observation and a clear question. A scientist first notices a natural phenomenon and then asks why it happens. This stage often includes background research. Reading earlier studies helps refine the question and identify gaps in scientific knowledge. In everyday life, this can look like noticing that a car will not start and asking why it is not working.

Next comes the hypothesis. A hypothesis is an unproven explanation based on prior knowledge. Scientists often develop more than one hypothesis and test them in a systematic way. A good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable, which means it can produce predictions and can also be shown wrong. Hypotheses are often written as a null hypothesis, which predicts no change, and an alternative hypothesis, which predicts the expected outcome. If the null hypothesis is rejected, that supports the alternative hypothesis.

After that, scientists collect data through experiments or more observations. Experiments are designed to test the predictions made by a hypothesis. Data may be qualitative, based on the senses, or quantitative, based on measurements. Careful experimental design is important because it helps reduce error and control factors that could affect the outcome. The independent variable is the factor the scientist changes, and the dependent, or response, variable is the result that is measured.

Controls and replicates are also essential. A control treatment is a condition that is not manipulated, but it is kept under the same conditions as the experimental treatment. It provides a baseline for comparison. Replicates, or repeated trials, help scientists estimate natural variation in the data and check that results can be repeated. Precise recording and measurement make the results more reliable.

Scientists then analyze the results to see what the data mean. They compare the null hypothesis with the alternative hypothesis and use statistical tests before making claims. Statistics help show whether differences between control and experimental treatments are real. Results are often displayed in figures and tables so they can be reviewed and understood more easily.

The final step is drawing conclusions. Scientists explain what the results mean and compare them with earlier research on related topics. This places the work in a wider scientific context and shows how it fits into the field. The scientific process does not end there. If the null hypothesis is not rejected, scientists return to the earlier steps and revise the question or hypothesis.

In lab work, the scientific method is carefully documented from start to finish. It also includes controlled conditions and variables. A plant-microbe experiment shows how this works. Researchers can grow plants in sterile soil, add one microbe at a time, or use natural soil, then measure plant growth with a ruler. In this example, the question is whether microbes affect plant growth. The experimental hypothesis is that one microbe will slow growth, and the null hypothesis is that microbes will have no effect.

The setup includes a control group and an experimental group. One group shows that plants can grow in sterile soil, and another shows that plants can grow in natural soil. The group with the added microbe is the experimental group. The type or amount of microbe is the independent variable, and plant size at the end is the dependent variable. A claim based on only one plant per group would not be valid. The results must be supported by statistical analysis from many plants.

Work like this is published in scientific journals so other researchers can read the methods and conclusions. These publications are checked through peer review before they are accepted. Over time, patterns from many experiments help scientists build broader ideas about how nature works. This is how scientific theory develops. In science, theory means a concept supported by a strong body of evidence, not a guess.

Scientific Method Steps and Controls

scientific method

The scientific method gives scientists a way to solve problems and explain natural events. Its development grew alongside new ideas in science during the European Renaissance. Thinkers such as Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton helped formalize the process. Although the method has changed over time, much of its basic framework is still used today. The process begins with observation and a clear question. A scientist first notices a natural phenomenon and then asks why it happens. This...

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Cell Types and Organelles

Cells are the basic units of life, and their structures help explain how living things work. Cell theory says that every living organism is made of one or more cells, cells are the functional units of organisms, and new cells come from preexisting cells. Cells also share key features, including a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell. It separates the cell from its environment and controls what enters and leaves.

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Biomolecules and Their Tests

Biomolecules are the organic molecules that living things use for structure, energy, and heredity. They all have a carbon backbone and hydrogen atoms, and carbon can form four covalent bonds. That bonding flexibility lets carbon build chains, branches, rings, and other complex shapes. Biomolecules also commonly include oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Small building blocks join together to make larger molecules. These units are called monomers. Two monomers can form a dimer through...

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Learn the scientific method through observation, hypotheses, experiments, controls, variables, data analysis, conclusions, and a plant-microbe example.

Scientific Method Steps and Controls | JoVE K12

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PS.1.d

Physics

PH.1

PH.1.a

PH.1.d

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.B.

Florida Department of Education

Nature of Science

SC.912.N.1

SC.912.N.1.1

SC.912.N.1.2

SC.912.N.2

SC.912.N.2.1

BIO.1

BIO.1.B

BIO.4

BIO.4.B

BIO.4.C

通过这段 1 分钟的教师指南，准备教授 科学方法。涵盖 JoVE Lab Manual 上 Biology 实验的关键准备步骤。

Biology 中的 科学方法 教师准备 - 1.8K+ 观看次数 | JoVE Lab Manual

在这段 4 分钟的学生实验流程视频中，逐步学习 科学方法 的操作步骤。属于 JoVE Lab Manual 上的 Biology 系列。

Biology 中的 科学方法 学生实验流程 - 3.3K+ 观看次数 | JoVE Lab Manual

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

In science, a law is defined as a concise, verbal or mathematical, statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations. ...

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To ...

What is a Hypothesis?

A hypothesis can be a simple sentence or statement about a property or any phenomenon observed or predicted for a population. It is usually a claim about ...

Types of Hypothesis Testing

There are three types of hypothesis tests: right-tailed, left-tailed, and two-tailed.
When the null and alternative hypotheses are stated, it is observed ...

Hypothesis: Accept or Fail to Reject?

The outcome of any hypothesis testing leads to rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. This decision is taken based on the analysis of the data, ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by asking questions and defining problems
• ask questions that arise from careful observation of phenomena, examination of a model or theory, or unexpected results, and/or to seek additional information
• determine which questions can be investigated within the scope of the school laboratory or field experience
• generate hypotheses based on research and scientific principles
• make hypotheses that specify what happens to a dependent variable when an independent variable is manipulated
• define design problems that involve the development of a process or system with multiple components and criteria

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by planning and carrying out investigations
• individually and collaboratively plan and conduct observational and experimental investigations
• plan and conduct investigations to test design solutions in a safe and ethical manner including considerations of environmental, social and personal effects
• select and use appropriate tools and technology to collect, record, analyze, and evaluate data

Introduction to Test of Independence

In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their ...

Statistical Analysis: Overview

An analysis is usually conducted by replicated sampling or repeated measurements on the same sample. This leads to scattered results rather than a single ...

Statistical Significance

Once data is collected from both the experimental and the control groups, a statistical analysis is conducted to find out if there are meaningful ...

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

Data: Types and Distribution

In biostatistics, data refers to the collected observations that are subject to analysis. Data can be parametric or nonparametric.
Nonparametric data ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Numerical Calculations

In engineering applications, the representation of the numerical value is critical. Presenting or reporting the answer is one of the essential parts of ...

Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy ...

Significant Figures in Calculations

Uncertainty in measurements can be avoided by reporting the results of a calculation with the correct number of significant figures. This can be ...

Realism in Experimentation

Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco&#8212;Monmouth University

In an ideal world researchers would conduct ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by pnterpreting, analyzing, and evaluating data
• construct and interpret data tables showing independent and dependent variables, repeated trials, and means
• construct, analyze, and interpret graphical displays of data and consider limitations of data analysis
• apply mathematical concepts and processes to scientific questions
• use data in building and revising models, supporting explanations of phenomena, or testing solutions to problems
• analyze data using tools, technologies, and/or models in order to make valid and reliable scientific claims or determine an optimal design solution

ES.1.c

Data Collection by Observations

Data collection refers to a systematic way of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. Observational studies are one of the ...

Data Collection by Experiments

Data collection is a systematic method of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. An experimental study is a standard method ...

Data Collection by Survey

The systematic method of obtaining and analyzing accurate information of a population is called data collection. A survey is a standard method of data ...

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to ...

Reasoning

Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.
Reasoning ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by constructing and critiquing conclusions and explanations
• make quantitative and/or qualitative claims based on data
• construct and revise explanations based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources, including students' own investigations, models, theories, simulations, and peer review
• apply scientific ideas, principles, and/or evidence to provide an explanation of phenomena or design solutions
• construct arguments or counterarguments based on data and evidence
• differentiate between a scientific hypothesis, theory, and law

ES.1.d

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by developing and using models
• evaluate the merits and limitations of models
• develop, revise, and/or use models based on evidence to illustrate or predict relationships
• construct and interpret scales, diagrams, classification charts, graphs, tables, imagery, models, including geologic cross sections and topographic profiles
• read and interpret topographic and basic geologic maps and globes, including location by latitude and longitude

ES.1.e

Data Source

A data source is the origin of collected data, whether physical or digital, and includes all channels, platforms, and repositories for gathering and ...

Communication

Sharing information, concepts, and emotions to foster mutual understanding is communication. The sender, recipient, and transaction must be considered in ...

levels-of-communication-i-intrapersonal-interpersonal-and-small-group

Levels of Communication I: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Small Group

Interpersonal communication focuses on the exchange of messages between two people.
We can participate in these relationships through verbal, nonverbal, ...

levels-of-communication-ii-organizational-public-and-group-dynamics

Levels of Communication II: Organizational, Public, and Group Dynamics

Effective communication is the foundation of a good organization. Communication is the lifeblood of an organization that connects the group with messages. ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information
• compare, integrate, and evaluate sources of information presented in different media or formats to address a scientific question or solve a problem
• gather, read, and evaluate scientific and/or technical information from multiple sources, assessing the evidence and credibility of each source
• communicate scientific and/or technical information about phenomena and/or a design process in multiple formats

Scientific Method Steps and Controls

Description

Transcript

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