Name: electroplating with electrolytic cells
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:26.000Z
Duration: 2 min 52 s
Channel: JoVE

电化学反应对技术和人体内的许多过程至关重要，其涉及电子从一种化学物质转移到另一种化学物质。这类反应称为还原-氧化反应，或简称氧化还原反应。
当一个物种失去电子时，它发生氧化，我们称其被氧化。当一个物种获得电子时，它发生还原，我们称其被还原。在电化学原电池中，氧化还原反应自发进行，从而产生电能。然而，在电解池中，外加电能促使氧化还原反应发生。
电解池由称为电解质的反应溶液组成，其中包含被氧化或还原的化学物质以及为实现电子流动所需的离子。电解池包含两个浸入电解液中的金属电极。外部电路将这两个电极连接起来，从而构成完整电路，使我们能够施加电压或电流。
外加的电流或电压是引起电化学反应发生的原因。氧化半反应发生在阳极，还原半反应发生在阴极。为了帮助你区分两者，可以记住短语“red cat”，其含义是“还原发生在阴极”（reduction at cathode）。
但是我们如何确定哪个是哪个电极呢？我们可以利用金属电极的标准还原电位，这是衡量金属失去电子倾向的指标。还原电位越高，金属越容易被还原。
假设我们将银电极和铜电极置于一个电解池中并施加电流。银电极具有较高的还原电位，因此被还原并作为阴极；铜电极具有较低的还原电位，因此被氧化并作为阳极。
电解池的一种用途是进行电镀，这是一种金属被氧化后在另一种金属表面被还原的反应。由于阳极是进行镀层的金属，在银和铜的例子中，银电极表面会被镀上一层薄薄的铜。
在本实验中，您将组装一个电解池，并通过在黄铜钥匙上镀铜来完成电镀过程。

电解池

Electrolytic Cells

电化学
电化学是化学的一个分支，用于描述和测量电能与化学变化之间的关系。电化学反应涉及电子从一种物质向另一种物质的转移。如果反应是自发的，则可能产生电流；如果反应非自发，则可通过施加电流来驱动反应。
在电化学中，关键反应是氧化还原反应，简称氧化还原反应。氧化还原反应由两个半反应组成：氧化反应，即被称为还原剂的物质失去电子；以及还原反应，即被称为氧化剂的物质获得电子。氧化还原反应总是成对发生，并改变参与反应分子中原子的氧化态。一个简单记忆该关系的方法是助记口诀 OIL-RIG：氧化是失去（Oxidation Is Losing）——还原是得到（Reduction Is Gaining）。
<h4>电化学电池</h4>
电化学电池用于测量或引发电化学反应。它由多个组件构成：一个盛有反应溶液的腔室、两个导电电极、一种导电的电解质溶液以及一个外部电路。电化学电池有两种类型。一种是电解池，它利用电能驱动非自发反应。在这种电池中，电能由外部电源提供。
另一种类型的电池是原电池，它利用自发的电化学反应产生电能。两个电极分别称为阳极和阴极，并通过外部电路连接。反应室中充满电解质，以促进电极之间的离子传递。在原电池中，盐桥通过允许含有电极的电解液之间离子流动来完成电路。而在电解池中，由于电极通常位于同一电解液中，因此不需要盐桥。
还原反应发生在阴极，而氧化反应发生在阳极。这一规律可通过助记口诀“Red Cat”来记忆，其含义是 红色诱导发生于 猫hode
<h4>电解池</h4>
电解池通常只有一个反应室，其中含有电解质溶液。电解质通常是含有离子或溶解盐的水溶液。电解质中的离子可促进离子和电子在溶液中的移动。
当施加外部电压时，电解质中的离子会被带相反电荷的电极吸引。此时两个半反应在此发生：阳极在氧化过程中失去电子，而阴极在还原过程中获得电子。
电镀是一种利用电解池的工艺。电镀是指将一种金属沉积在电极表面（通常是另一种金属）的过程。英国科学家迈克尔·法拉第（Michael Faraday）——法拉第常数即以他的名字命名——阐明了电镀过程中带电离子的物质的量与电流之间的摩尔关系。以银的特定半反应为例：
Ag+ + 1e- → Ag
通过外部电流提供一摩尔电子，可将一摩尔银阳离子还原为固态银。因此，根据半反应的化学计量关系，可以确定在已知电子量的情况下所消耗的电镀材料的量。需要指出的是，电量并非以电子的摩尔数来衡量，而是以库仑（coulomb）为单位，该单位以法国工程师查尔斯-奥古斯丁·德·库仑（Charles-Augustin de Coulomb）命名。1 库仑是指当电流为 1 安培时，在 1 秒时间内通过电路的电量，其基础是基本电荷原理，即单个电子所携带的电荷量。因此，法拉第的发现能够将电流量与电镀过程中沉积的阳离子的摩尔数关联起来：
F = eNA
F 是法拉第常数，e 是以库仑表示的基本电荷，NA 是阿伏伽德罗常数。因此，法拉第常数表示为每摩尔的库仑数，其值为 96485 库仑每摩尔。我们如何根据电流确定转移至阳极的电子摩尔数？可通过电荷量 Q 及库仑的定义来实现：
<img src="/CDNSource/lm/labs/53/53_Concepts_3.jpg" alt="电学公式：Q=I×t，电荷计算方程，物理教学内容。" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" />
电荷量等于电流（单位为安培，I）乘以电流持续流动的时间（单位为秒）。通过将 Q 除以单位为库仑每摩尔的法拉第常数：
<img src="/CDNSource/lm/labs/53/53_Concepts_4.jpg" alt="电化学方程式，摩尔计算：电子摩尔数 = Q/F，公式表示。" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" />
该方程使我们能够计算出电子的摩尔数，从而确定有多少电镀阳离子被还原。
在电镀过程中，金属作为阳极，通过电解作用在阴极表面覆盖一层薄薄的金属层。所沉积金属的量取决于施加的电流大小以及可用于电镀的金属阳离子的摩尔数。外部电源（例如电池）促使电子从阳极流向阴极，同时从电池的正极流向负极。
例如，考虑一个电解池，其中包含一个铜电极、一个作为第二电极的黄铜钥匙，以及硫酸铜的水溶液作为电解质。在此过程中，电解质和铜电极中的铜会沉积到黄游戏副本钥匙表面。
为了使铜金属沉积在黄铜钥匙上，固体铜电极必须被氧化以形成铜离子。随后，来自电极和电解液的铜阳离子从溶液中被还原，在黄铜钥匙表面形成固体铜。
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu(s)
反应所需的电子来自电池的负极。因此，还原反应发生在黄铜钥匙上，而氧化反应发生在铜电极上。浓的酸化硫酸铜溶液可提高溶解度；因此，溶液浓度越高，电阻越低，电流越大。电流越大，便有更多的铜离子在黄铜钥匙表面发生电镀沉积。
某些金属比其他金属更容易失去电子。物质的标准电极电势（E°）用于衡量该物质失去电子的倾向。还原电势最高的金属最易失去电子；因此，它会首先被电镀。 
<h4>参考文献</h4>
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Kotz, J.C., Treichel Jr, P.M., Townsend, J.R. (2012). 化学与化学反应性。加利福尼亚州贝尔蒙特：Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning。</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Silberberg, M.S. (2009). 化学：物质与变化的分子本质。马萨诸塞州波士顿：McGraw Hill。</li>
</ol>

电化学  
电化学是化学的一个分支，用于描述和测量电能与化学变化之间的关系。

Education

教育

JoVE Lab Manual

Chemistry

化学

电解槽

electroplating with electrolytic cells

Electrochemistry links electrical energy with chemical change, and electrolytic cells show how electricity can drive a nonspontaneous reaction. In these reactions, electrons move from one species to another. The key chemistry is a redox reaction, or oxidation-reduction reaction, which happens in two half-reactions.

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. The substance that loses electrons is the reducing agent, and the substance that gains electrons is the oxidizing agent. Redox reactions always occur in pairs and change the oxidation state of the atoms involved. A simple memory aid is OIL-RIG: oxidation is losing, reduction is gaining.

An electrochemical cell is used to measure or cause electrochemical reactions. It includes a reaction chamber, two conductive electrodes, a conductive electrolyte, and an external circuit. The two main types are electrolytic cells and galvanic cells. An electrolytic cell uses outside electrical energy to drive a nonspontaneous reaction, while a galvanic cell uses a spontaneous reaction to produce electrical energy. The electrodes are the anode and cathode, and the reaction at the cathode is reduction while the reaction at the anode is oxidation. This is often remembered with “Red Cat,” which means reduction occurs at the cathode.

Electrolytic cells usually have one reaction chamber filled with an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte is often an aqueous solution with ions or dissolved salts. These ions help charge move through the solution. When voltage is applied, ions move toward the electrode with the opposite charge, and the two half-reactions occur there. The anode loses electrons during oxidation, and the cathode gains electrons during reduction.

A major use of an electrolytic cell is electroplating. In electroplating, one metal is deposited as a thin layer on the surface of another electrode. Michael Faraday showed the link between the charge of the ions being plated and the electrical current. For silver, the half-reaction is Ag+ + 1e- -&gt; Ag, so one mole of electrons reduces one mole of silver cations to solid silver. This means half-reaction stoichiometry can be used to calculate how much plating occurs for a known amount of charge.

Electricity is measured in coulombs, not in moles of electrons. One coulomb is the amount of electricity that passes through a circuit with 1 ampere of current in 1 second. Faraday’s constant connects these ideas. It is equal to the elementary charge times Avogadro’s number, and it has a value of 96485 coulombs per mole. The electrical charge is found by multiplying current, I, by time in seconds, and dividing Q by Faraday’s constant gives the moles of electrons transferred.

This relationship shows how current controls electroplating. The amount of metal plated depends on the current applied and on how much electroplating cation is available. An external power source, such as a battery, pushes electrons from the anode to the cathode and from the positive terminal to the negative terminal on the battery. In a copper plating example, a copper electrode, a brass key, and aqueous copper sulfate are used. Copper from the electrode and from the solution is deposited onto the brass key.

For copper to coat the key, the solid copper electrode must first be oxidized to copper ions. Then copper cations in the solution are reduced to solid copper on the brass key, following Cu2+ + 2e- -&gt; Cu(s). The electrons come from the negative terminal of the battery. So the brass key is the site of reduction, and the copper electrode is the site of oxidation. A concentrated and acidified copper sulfate solution increases solubility, lowers resistance, and raises the current, which allows more copper to plate onto the key.

Some metals lose electrons more easily than others. The standard electrode potential, E°, measures a substance’s tendency to lose electrons. In electroplating, the metal with the highest reduction potential has the highest tendency to lose electrons, so it is plated first.

Electroplating with Electrolytic Cells

lab techniques

Measuring with Accuracy in the Lab

Measuring with accuracy in the lab starts with careful records, the right tools, and correct reading of data. Scientists use lab notebooks to record how an experiment was done. These notes include the amounts of materials used and each step of the procedure. Without that record, an experiment cannot be repeated in the same way. Balances and glassware are used to measure solids and liquids for experiments. The precision of a measurement depends on the equipment used. Digital balances show the...

scientific measurement and lab skills

Graphs, Curve Fit, and Standard Deviation

Two-dimensional graphs help students compare an independent variable with a dependent variable in science data. In a chemistry example, temperature is the independent variable and volume is the dependent variable. After data are collected, the relationship between the two measurements must be quantified so it can be evaluated and compared with other relationships. A graph can also show when no relationship exists between the two variables. To make a two-dimensional graph, each data point needs...

stoichiometry, product yield, and limiting reactants

stoichiometry-product-yield-and-limiting-reactants

Balancing Equations and Reactant Limits

Chemical equations show how reactants change into products during a reaction. Stoichiometry is the study of the relative amounts of reactants and products. It is based on the Law of Conservation of Mass, which says matter is neither created nor destroyed. Because atoms are only rearranged, the number and identity of atoms must match on both sides of a reaction. That is why a chemical equation must be balanced. A balanced equation has the same number of atoms for each element in the reactants...

redox reactions

Oxidation States in Redox Reactions

Oxidation states help identify redox reactions. In a redox reaction, oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons, and reduction is the gain of one or more electrons. These reactions are often tracked by changes in oxidation state, also called oxidation number. Each atom in a molecule has an oxidation state. This number shows how oxidized an atom is compared with its free elemental form. It is written as the charge an atom would have if every bond were purely ionic. In that model, bonding...

ideal gas law

Gas Laws Behind the Ideal Gas Equation

The ideal gas equation brings together the main gas laws used in chemistry. Gases have molecules that are far apart, so their behavior is described with four measurable variables: pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature. The ideal gas law links these variables with the gas constant, R, which equals 8.314 J·K−1 mol−1. Boyle’s law describes the link between pressure and volume. When temperature and the number of moles stay constant, pressure and volume change in opposite directions.

acid and base concentrations

Acids, Bases, and pH in Titration

Acids, bases, and pH explain how acidic or basic a solution is. An Arrhenius acid releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water, while an Arrhenius base releases hydroxide ions. These reactions also create conjugate partners: an acid forms a conjugate base after losing hydrogen, and a base forms a conjugate acid after losing hydroxyl. Every acid has a conjugate base, and every base has a conjugate acid. pH measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14...

buffers

Buffer pH and the Common Ion Effect

Buffer solutions help keep pH steady when acids or bases are added. In water, an Arrhenius acid (HA) dissociates into hydrogen ions, H+, and a conjugate base, A-. More hydrogen ions make a solution more acidic and lower its pH. An Arrhenius base (BOH) dissociates into a conjugate acid, B+, and hydroxide ions, OH-. Strong acids and strong bases usually change pH a lot because they react completely in water and raise the amount of H+ or OH-. Buffers reduce those pH changes. A buffer usually...

enthalpy of reaction

Reaction Heat, Hess’s Law, and Calorimetry

Reaction heat is explained through enthalpy, Hess’s law, and calorimetry. These ideas show how heat moves during chemical reactions and how scientists measure it. Thermodynamics is the study of heat energy and other forms of energy, such as work. Its laws are used across science, from biology to physics. The first law says energy is conserved in an isolated system. Energy can change form, such as thermal energy becoming work, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The second law of...

solubility

Solubility in Water and Other Solvents

Solubility describes how much of a solute can dissolve in a specific solvent. It is usually reported as solute mass per solvent volume or as solute mass per solvent mass. For example, sodium chloride has a solubility of 36 g per 100 mL of water at room temperature. If solubility is given by solvent mass, that mass must be converted to volume for later calculations. Temperature changes solubility. Sodium carbonate dissolves at about 7 g per 100 mL of water at 0 °C, 22 g per 100 mL at room...

metal flame emission

Flame Test Metal Color Clues

Flame testing uses a metal sample and a flame to identify a substance by its color. Each element gives off a characteristic light emission in the flame, so the color can help distinguish one element from another. This same idea appears in fireworks, where different metal components create different colors. The color comes from energy absorbed by the metallic component. When a species absorbs energy, that energy can go into translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron...

balmer series

Hydrogen Emission Lines

Hydrogen emission lines show how electrons move between fixed energy levels in the Bohr model. Niels Bohr proposed this model for the hydrogen atom in 1913. In this model, an electron can only occupy certain orbits, and it cannot exist between them. These energy states are labeled with the quantum number n. The ground state is n = 1. Higher values, such as n = 2, 3, 4, and so on, are excited states. An electron changes state only by absorbing or emitting energy equal to the difference between...

beer's law

Absorbance Spectra and Beer-Lambert Analysis

Absorbance spectra and the Beer-Lambert Law show how light can be used to study molecules in solution. When light hits a substance, it may be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. A substance often interacts with a range of wavelengths, and each wavelength can affect the molecules or atoms in a different way. When a molecule absorbs light, that energy can be used for translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron excitement is especially important in spectroscopy because it...

concentration dependence

Reaction Order and Rate Constants

Chemical kinetics describes the speed of a chemical reaction. The rate depends on the reaction mechanism, the complexity of the reaction, and the number of reactants involved. Reactant concentration also affects how fast a reaction happens. The rate law is the experimental relationship that connects these factors to reaction rate. In the rate law, each reactant contributes through a reaction order. The general form is r = k[A]^m[B]^n for aA + bB + ... → cC. Here, r is the reaction rate, k is...

temperature dependence

Reaction Rate, Arrhenius, and Catalysts

Chemical kinetics explains how fast a reaction happens and why that speed changes. The reaction rate is the speed of a chemical reaction. It is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time. Reaction speed depends on several factors, including the concentration of the reactants and the temperature of the reaction. Each reactant affects the rate in a specific way. That relationship is described by the rate law. The rate law is an equation that connects the...

galvanic cells

Battery Power from Redox Reactions

Electrochemistry studies how chemical change and electrical energy are linked. In this branch of chemistry, electrons move from one species to another. That movement can either produce current or be driven by an applied current. The main reaction in electrochemistry is the oxidation-reduction, or redox, reaction. A redox reaction has two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. These changes also shift the oxidation state of each substance. The...

electrolytic cells

Electrochemistry links electrical energy with chemical change, and electrolytic cells show how electricity can drive a nonspontaneous reaction. In these reactions, electrons move from one species to another. The key chemistry is a redox reaction, or oxidation-reduction reaction, which happens in two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. The substance that loses electrons is the reducing agent, and the substance that gains electrons is the...

proper lab notebook keeping

Recording a Reproducible Lab Experiment

Accurate lab notebook records are essential in science and organic chemistry labs. Without clear notes, descriptions, quantities, and observations, an experiment cannot be repeated or checked. Good record keeping supports reproducibility, which means other people can follow the same work and get similar results. A laboratory notebook is useful in school labs, research settings, and industry. It can also become a legal record when an idea, process, substance, or technique is patented and...

basic organic chemistry techniques

Organic Lab Glassware and Safe Handling

Organic chemistry labs use specific glassware, careful weighing steps, and controlled heating to keep reactions safe and accurate. Beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are often used for mixing or holding solvents, but they are not meant for measuring volume unless only an approximate amount is needed. Volumetric glassware is used when a precise volume matters. This group includes graduated cylinders, volumetric pipettes, and volumetric flasks. A graduated cylinder is commonly used in the organic lab...

melting points

How Impurities Change Melting Points

Melting point helps identify an organic compound by showing the temperature where a solid turns into a liquid at 1 atmosphere of pressure. It is a physical property, like solubility, density, color, and electronegativity. Because the exact start of melting is hard to measure, the result is reported as a range. The lower end is when the first drops of liquid appear. The upper end is when the last solid has melted. Scientists compare this range with literature values to help identify a compound. <br...

boiling points

Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

Boiling point and vapor pressure are key physical properties of a liquid. For a pure compound, the boiling point can help identify the substance. In experiments, the boiling point is usually recorded as a range because exact values are hard to measure and may differ by a few degrees from the literature value. Vapor pressure explains why a liquid boils. In a sealed container, some molecules at the liquid surface gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase. At the same time, some gas...

recrystallization

Purifying Crystals by Solubility

Purifying crystals by solubility is a key organic chemistry technique. Recrystallization uses differences in solubility to separate a desired solid product from starting materials, solvent, and impurities. It is one of the three standard purification methods, along with distillation and extraction. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a fixed volume of solvent at a given temperature. Different solutes dissolve in different solvents, and their behavior can vary...

extraction

Separating Mixtures with Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is a common way to separate and isolate a target compound in organic chemistry. In this process, a solute moves from one phase to another so it can be separated from unreacted starting materials or impurities. Extraction is also useful when a product is dissolved in a reaction solvent that is hard to remove by evaporation, such as a solvent with a high boiling point. There are three main types of extraction. In solid-liquid extraction, the solute moves from a solid phase...

simple distillation

Separating Liquids by Boiling Point

Separating liquids by boiling point is the goal of distillation. A miscible mixture contains liquids that mix evenly, and it can be heated so that the more volatile liquid evaporates first. Volatility is a liquid’s tendency to vaporize, and boiling begins when bubbles form in the liquid phase. In a closed container, liquid and vapor can reach equilibrium, which means the rate of vaporization equals the rate of condensation. The pressure from the vapor above the liquid is called vapor pressure.

steam distillation

Steam Distillation and Low-Boiling Separation

Steam distillation is a separation method for temperature-sensitive organic compounds. It works best when the organic compound is immiscible in water, meaning the two liquids do not mix. The method helps remove the organic molecule from a non-volatile contaminant without using the higher temperatures needed for many other separations. In steam distillation, the immiscible mixture is heated until both water and the volatile organic compound distill together. The vapor rises to a condenser,...

thin-layer chromatography

TLC Separation by Polarity

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separates compounds in a mixture by polarity. It uses the same basic parts as other chromatography methods: a stationary phase, a mobile phase, and the solute. In TLC, the stationary phase is a thin coating on a plate instead of material packed into a column. The stationary phase in most TLC systems is polar silica gel, a form of silicon dioxide. Its surface has OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds. The sample is first spotted on a pencil start line with a...

column chromatography

Separating Mixtures by Polarity

Column chromatography separates compounds in an organic chemistry lab by using differences in physical properties. It is especially useful for microscale separations when less than 10 grams of material is available for analysis. The method can separate a mixture based on solubility, polarity, hydrophobicity, size, and charge. Any chromatography system has three main parts: the stationary phase, the mobile phase, and the sample mixture. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is usually...

hydrolysis of an ester

Soap Formation from Triglycerides

Triglycerides are lipids made of a glycerol backbone linked to three fatty acids. They are common in vegetable oils and animal fats. Plant lipids are the basis of vegetable oils, while animal lipids are used as lard or general sources of fats. A fatty acid has a long carbon chain, usually between 12 and 20 carbons, with a weak organic acid at one end. Some fatty acids contain double bonds. These are unsaturated fats. The double bond usually gives the chain a bent, cis shape. As a result,...

synthesis of luminol

Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

Luminol chemiluminescence shows how a chemical reaction can produce light and help with blood detection. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether they absorb or release heat as reactants become products. The enthalpy of a reaction is the energy difference between reactants and products, or ΔH. A positive ΔH means the reaction is endothermic. A negative ΔH means it is exothermic. Many reactions do not happen in a single step. They can pass through intermediates...

esterification

Ester Formation and Everyday Fragrances

Esters are organic compounds with a carbonyl group attached to an oxygen that connects to another alkyl or aryl group. Their general formula is RCOOR'. They are often made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in an esterification reaction. In this process, the hydroxyl group of the acid is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Many simple esters have familiar fruit and flower smells because their structures are small and less complex. Formic acid and methanol can combine to form methyl...

identification of unknown aldehydes and ketones

identification-of-unknown-aldehydes-and-ketones

Carbonyl Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds, which means they contain a C=O functional group. A ketone has two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Acetone is the simplest ketone, with two methyl groups. An aldehyde is similar, but it has at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde, and acetaldehyde has one hydrogen and one methyl group. The carbonyl carbon in both aldehydes and ketones is electrophilic because the oxygen atom...

uv-vis spectroscopy of dyes

How Dyes Absorb Visible Light

Dyes absorb visible light because their molecular structure lets them interact with specific wavelengths. When light hits a substance, some light is absorbed and the rest is reflected or transmitted. The color we see depends on the wavelength that is reflected. A blue substance reflects blue light, around 430 to 480 nm, and absorbs the complementary orange region, around 590 to 630 nm. Compounds that do not absorb in the visible range appear colorless to the human eye. Light also has energy and...

identifying alcohols

Alcohol Tests for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Alcohol tests can help sort alcohols by structure and reactivity. Alcohols are organic molecules with a hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl or aryl group, written as ROH. If the carbon with the hydroxyl group has one R group, the alcohol is primary. If it has two R groups, it is secondary. If it has three R groups, it is tertiary. Alcohols can also be aromatic when they contain a benzene ring. Phenol is the simplest aromatic alcohol. To identify an alcohol, chemists can use its chemical...

chemistry

Comprehensive, curriculum-focused videos for both instructors and students in introductory chemistry lab courses.

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Learn how electrolytic cells drive electroplating, move electrons through redox reactions, and use Faraday’s constant to calculate plated metal.

Electroplating with Electrolytic Cells | JoVE K12

通过这段 3 分钟的教师指南，准备教授 电解池。涵盖 JoVE Lab Manual 上 Chemistry 实验的关键准备步骤。

Chemistry 中的 电解池 教师准备 - 299+ 观看次数 | JoVE Lab Manual

在这段 9 分钟的学生实验流程视频中，逐步学习 电解池 的操作步骤。属于 JoVE Lab Manual 上的 Chemistry 系列。

Chemistry 中的 电解池 学生实验流程 - 1.3K+ 观看次数 | JoVE Lab Manual

Electroplating with Electrolytic Cells

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