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Stress and Strain - Axial Loading
Load Effects Away from the Ends
Description
Saint-Venant's principle describes how stress changes in a structural member when a load is applied. It shows that the exact way a load is placed matters most near the point of application. Farther away from that point, the stress pattern becomes much less dependent on how the load was applied.
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Transcript
考虑一个两端带有平板的构件。当载荷施加在平板的中心位置时,平板会相互靠近而不发生旋转,导致构件长度缩短,同时宽度和厚度增加。
通过保持构件平直和截面平面,并使所有单元的变形均匀,可实现应变和应力的均匀分布。
若荷载集中且直接施加于构件上,则荷载作用点附近的单元会承受较高的应力,而较远区域则不受影响。
在远离两端的单元中,变形 tends to 相互抵消,从而导致应变和应力的分布更加均匀。
当距离超过构件宽度时,应力分布与载荷施加方式无关。这一论断即为圣维南原理。
应用圣维南原理时,需要注意实际载荷与用于确定应力的载荷必须是静力等效的,且该原理不能用于计算载荷作用点附近的应力。
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