单相整流器

Single-phase rectifiers transform AC supply voltage and current to DC because most digital electronics are designed to run on DC power, while standard mains power supplied to homes and commerce is AC. Rectifiers pass current in only one direction, converting bipolar AC input to unipolar rectified output that can be filtered into smooth, consistent DC voltage and current.

A half-wave rectifier uses a single diode to pass only the positive half-cycle of AC input voltage to the output, resulting in reduced RMS output voltage. A full-wave rectifier uses a four-diode bridge circuit to pass both half-cycles of AC input, flipping the polarity of the negative half and yielding a higher average output voltage across the load resistor.

Diodes are the core components of rectifier circuits, with two terminals—anode and cathode—that allow current to flow from anode to cathode while blocking reverse current. Rectifier circuits use one or more diodes to pass only positive or negative AC power, transforming bipolar AC into unipolar output that can be filtered to achieve smooth DC voltage and current.

Rectifiers produce pulsating DC output with voltage ripple. Filtering removes this ripple using inductors or capacitors. In half-wave rectifiers, an inductor in series with the load acts as a low-pass filter. In full-wave rectifiers, a capacitor in parallel with the load smooths the output. A sufficiently large capacitor filters out most voltage ripple, providing consistent DC voltage to the load.

Adding an inductor in series with the load resistor delays the diode turn-off region and creates a low-pass filter effect. When the inductor value is sufficiently large, the oscillatory component of the output is blocked, leaving only the constant DC component. This combination smooths the pulsating output more effectively than a resistive load alone.

Diode rectifiers are found in most power supplies, chargers, variable frequency drives, and protection circuits. AC power adapters use a transformer to step down voltage, a four-diode bridge full-wave rectifier, and a capacitor to smooth DC output. Thyristors, silicon-controlled rectifiers, are used in light dimmers, motor speed controllers, and voltage regulators for regulated power control.

Thyristors are silicon-controlled rectifiers with alternating P and N type semiconductor layers, including a gate terminal connected to control switching. Above a latching threshold, a current pulse into the gate switches the thyristor from off to on, allowing forward current flow. This design enables rectification in one direction while providing integrated switching and power regulation capabilities.