细胞周期分析：利用CFSE染色和流式细胞术评估刺激后CD4和CD8 T细胞的增殖

CFSE is a green fluorescent dye that enters live cells and binds permanently to internal proteins. When a parent cell divides, each daughter cell receives half the fluorescence from the parent. This process continues through subsequent divisions, with dye intensity progressively decreasing with each division. Flow cytometry then measures the fluorescence intensity of each cell to quantify the number of divisions.

Proper cell division in immune cells regulates both the levels and specificity of an immune response. T cells proliferate to identify and kill cancer cells, while B cells divide to produce specific antibodies. Measuring proliferation using CFSE staining and flow cytometry allows researchers to assess how immune cells respond to stimulation and understand the effectiveness of immune responses.

Each peak in a CFSE histogram represents a generation of cells based on fluorescence intensity. The highest fluorescence peak corresponds to the parent generation that has not yet divided. The second highest peak belongs to the first generation of daughter cells, and subsequent peaks represent further divisions. The number of peaks determines the total number of cell divisions that have occurred.

Primary immune cells can be labeled with different colored fluorescence dyes alongside CFSE and identified using multicolor flow cytometry. For example, T cell sub-populations can be stained with antibodies against CD4 or CD8 markers while also receiving CFSE labeling. This allows researchers to plot both populations on the same graph and analyze the proliferation rate of each T cell subset separately.

Anti-CD3 antibody stimulation is used to activate T cells and observe the effects on the cell cycle. In the protocol, tubes stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody are compared to unstimulated control tubes to reveal the basal level of proliferation. This comparison demonstrates how T cell proliferation changes in response to specific immune stimulation over three and five days.

Non-dividing cells maintain higher levels of CFSE fluorescence because they have not split the dye between daughter cells. Proliferating cells show progressively lower fluorescence intensities as they divide and distribute the dye among daughter cells. By analyzing CFSE intensity histograms, researchers can identify distinct populations of dividing and non-dividing cells and calculate the frequency of each population.

Researchers first gate lymphoid cells based on morphology using forward and side scatter. Then they identify CD3-positive T cells, which are further subdivided into CD4-positive and CD8-positive populations. These gated populations are then analyzed for CFSE staining intensity to determine proliferation rates. This hierarchical gating strategy ensures accurate identification and analysis of specific T cell subsets.