Name: surveying methods for land and construction
Uploaded: 2025-08-29T12:09:54.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

기복과 수역이 있는 지구 표면의 영역을 고려하십시오. 측량 기술은 영역의 길이와 너비를 측정하고 데이텀을 참조하여 지반을 식별합니다.이 기술은 모서리의 각도, 수평 또는 수직 방향의 가상선의 기울기, 토지 지형의 모양과 크기를 이해하기 위한 수준을 측정합니다.평면 조사는 지구가 평평하다고 간주하고 남북 선이 평행하다고 가정하고 작은 지역에 대해 수행됩니다.건물, 농장 및 대부분의 건설 작업에 대한 조사는 평면 조사입니다.반면에 측지 측량은 지구의 곡률을 고려하여 더 작은 영역과 더 큰 영역에 적용할 수 있습니다.국경 표시와 같은 대규모 측량은 측지 측량을 사용하여 수행됩니다.평면 측량과 측지 측량 모두 평균 해수면보다 높거나 낮은 수직 거리로 고도를 사용합니다. 측량은 비용 계산을 위해 토공과 같은 건설 작업에서 자재의 양을 측정하는 데에도 사용됩니다.또한 측량에는 미리 결정된 방향을 따라 고속도로를 정렬하고 제안된 저수지에 대한 용량 윤곽을 그리는 작업이 포함됩니다.

측량, 평면 측량 및 측지 측량 소개

Introduction to Surveying, Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveys

측량은 지구 표면을 매핑하는 예술이자 과학입니다. 여기에는 거리, 수평 또는 수직 방향의 각도, 수평을 측정하여 토지 지형지물의 모양과 크기를 이해하는 것이 포함됩니다. 측량 기술은 특정 지점을 참조하여 육지 지역의 수준을 식별하고 기복과 수역을 매핑하는 것과 같은 다양한 작업에 필수적입니다. 측량에는 평면 측량과 측지 측량의 두 가지 주요 유형이 있습니다. 평면 조사는 지구가 평평하고 남북 선이 평행한 것으로 간주한다고 가정합니다. 이 방법은 건물 건설, 농장 레이아웃 및 대부분의 기타 건설 작업에 일반적으로 사용됩니다. 반면에 측지 측량은 지구의 곡률을 고려하여 소규모 및 대규모 측량에 적합합니다. 이러한 유형의 측량은 국경 표시와 같은 대규모 프로젝트에 필요합니다. 평면 측량과 측지 측량은 모두 고도를 평균 해수면보다 높거나 낮은 수직 거리로 표현합니다. 측량은 단순히 지구 표면을 매핑하는 것이 아닙니다. 또한 건설에서도 중요한 역할을 합니다. 측량은 토공과 같은 자재량을 측정함으로써 비용 계산에 도움이 되어 건설 프로젝트가 예산 범위 내에서 유지되도록 합니다. 건축 프로젝트든 광범위한 경계 설정이든 측량은 정확한 계획 및 실행에 필요한 데이터를 제공하므로 건설 산업에서 없어서는 안될 도구입니다.

Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It involves measuring distances, angles in horizontal or vertical directions, and levels ...

introduction-to-surveying-plane-surveying-and-geodetic-surveys

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

Unit 1

Introduction to Surveying

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

surveying methods for land and construction

Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It uses measurements of distance, horizontal and vertical angles, and levels to describe the shape and size of land features.

Surveying is also used to find the level of a land area with reference to a chosen point. It helps map land undulations and water bodies. These measurements give clear data for planning and field work.

Two main surveying methods are plane surveying and geodetic surveying. Plane surveying treats the earth as flat, and north-south lines are taken as parallel. It is commonly used for building construction, farm layouts, and most other constructed works.

Geodetic surveying accounts for the curvature of the earth. It is used for both small and large-scale surveys, including major work such as marking national boundaries. In both plane and geodetic surveys, elevations are written as vertical distances above or below mean sea level.

Surveying is important in construction as well as mapping. It can be used to measure material quantities, such as earthwork, for cost calculations. This helps keep construction projects within budget and supports accurate planning and execution.

Surveying Methods for Land and Construction

surveying-methods-for-land-and-construction

introduction to surveying, plane surveying and geodetic surveys

Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It uses measurements of distance, horizontal and vertical angles, and levels to describe the shape and size of land features. Surveying is also used to find the level of a land area with reference to a chosen point. It helps map land undulations and water bodies. These measurements give clear data for planning and field work. Two main surveying methods are plane surveying and geodetic surveying. Plane surveying treats the earth...

types of surveys

Survey Methods for Land and Water

Survey methods for land and water help define property boundaries and map features near water bodies. Each survey type has a different job. Together, they give accurate information for land-related projects and development. Land surveys mark property lines. Route surveys show the position of properties along nearby highways. Topographic surveys create maps by recording the three-dimensional features of the land. Hydrographic surveys examine underwater shapes and the movement of streams...

survey safety

Surveying Field Hazards and Protection

Surveying in the field can bring hazards from roads, rough ground, and nearby power lines. Safety starts with planning the work area and avoiding direct work on roads whenever possible. Surveyors often use offsets instead. An offset means measuring from a safer spot away from traffic. Highway work is especially dangerous and must include warning signs and flagmen. If surveyors must work along a road, they need to follow all safety guidelines. Bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests,...

errors and mistakes in surveying

Survey Measurement Errors and Common Mistakes

Survey measurements can be affected by errors and mistakes. These issues create inaccuracies in measured values and in the way data is recorded. In surveying, errors are unintentional deviations from the true value. They can come from human sensory limits, imperfect equipment, or outside conditions. Mistakes are different from errors. They happen when the surveyor loses attention, misunderstands a procedure, or makes a bad judgment call. Common examples include writing down the wrong value,...

distance measurements by taping

Survey Taping Tools for Accurate Distance

Survey taping tools help measure short distances accurately in the field. Surveyors use tapes because they are durable, flexible, and suited for outdoor work. Many tapes are made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, which helps protect them from rust and wear. Standard tapes are often about 30 meters long and marked in meters and millimeters for precise readings. Surveyors choose a tape based on the site and the level of accuracy needed. Lightweight nylon-coated tapes are common because they...

taping over different ground profiles

Measuring Tape on Uneven Ground

Measuring tape on uneven ground requires careful setup to keep distance readings accurate. On smooth, level ground with little vegetation, the tape can rest directly on the ground. A taping team usually works with a head tapeman and a rear tapeman. The rear tapeman holds the tape at the start point and helps guide the head tapeman toward a range pole beyond the end point. They use hand signals or voice signals to stay aligned. On sloping ground, uneven terrain, or in dense underbrush, the tape...

distance corrections

Correcting Survey Distance Measurements

Survey distance measurements often need corrections to stay accurate. In surveying and construction, the first step is to adjust for standardization error, temperature changes, and slope. These corrections help turn an initial tape measurement into a more reliable final distance. Standardization error happens when measuring equipment changes over time. Wear, repairs, and weather can all affect the tape or tool. Surveyors compare the equipment readings with a standard to find any difference...

errors in taping

Survey Tape Measurement Mistakes

Survey tape measurements can be affected by several common mistakes that reduce accuracy. Misalignment of the tape is one major source of error. A rear tapeman can use a telescope to guide the head tapeman, but human limits still allow small mistakes in alignment, pin placement, and tape reading. Reading the tape can also be confusing when markings are worn with age. A surveyor may mistake a six for a nine or make other small visual errors. These reading mistakes become more common as the tape...

electronic distance measuring instruments

electronic-distance-measuring-instruments

Surveying With Light and Microwave EDMs

Electronic distance measuring instruments, or EDMs, help surveyors measure distance with electromagnetic signals. The instrument sends a signal to a target and then calculates how long it takes to return. This makes EDMs a precise tool for modern surveying. EDMs use two main signal types: light waves and microwaves. Light-wave EDMs use infrared or laser light, so they work well over short distances in clear weather. They give high accuracy, but atmospheric density and particles in the air can...

design example: measuring distance between two points with obstructions

design-example-measuring-distance-between-two-points-with-obstructions

Offset Method for Measuring Across Obstructions

The offset method helps surveyors measure distance across an obstruction such as a lake in a field. It is useful when a measuring tape cannot be stretched in a straight line over the blocked area. The method lets surveyors estimate the true length without direct line measurement. A surveyor starts by setting up a baseline that lines up with the side of the area across the lake. A telescope is used to check the alignment from one end of the side to the other. This creates an imaginary line over...

key terms and concepts

Learn how surveying measures land, levels, and distances. Explore plane and geodetic surveys, mean sea level, and how surveying supports construction costs.

Surveying Methods for Land and Construction | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering offers a foundational exploration of essential construction materials such as bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete, along with fluid mechanics topics like flow over immersed bodies, open channel flow, and dimensional modeling. It also covers key surveying concepts, including leveling, traverse adjustments, curve design, topographic mapping, and geospatial technologies (GPS & GIS). Science-in-action videos showcase laboratory research on materials, fluids, and surveying practices in real-world engineering systems.

civil engineering

Surveying Methods for Land and Construction

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